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NAPOLEON'S    LEGION 


THE    CROSS    OF    THE    LEGION    OF    HONOR    AS    IT    IS    TO-DAY 


NAPOLEON'S 
LEGION 


HONNEUR  ET  PATRIE 


"By 
W.  FRANCKLYN  PARIS 


FUNK  AND  WAGNALLS  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  AND   LONDON 
1928 


Copyright,  1927,  by 
FUNK  &  WAGNALLS  COMPANY 

[Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America] 

Popular  Edition  Published  May,  1928 


Copyright  Under  the  Articles  of  the  Copyright  Convention 

of  the  Pan-American  Republics  and  the 

United  States,  August  11, 19 10. 


Si 

CONTENTS 

CHAPTEF 

I 

PAGE 

Introduction 

•       J3 

I. 

What  Price  Glory?     .... 

.       29 

II. 

Foundation  by  Napoleon 

.       41 

III. 

The  First  Legionnaires  . 

•       53 

IV. 

Privileges  and  Obligations 

.       69 

V. 

The  Home  of  the  Legion 

.       81 

VI. 

Changes  in  the  Insignia 

■       93 

VII. 

Foreigners  in  the  Legion     . 

105 

VIII. 

Educational  Institutions 

119 

IX. 

Women  Legionnaires        . 

135 

X. 

Help  for  the  Needy         . 

147 

XI. 

American  Society  of  the   Frencp 

1 

Legion  of  Honor 

157 

XII. 

America's  Roster 

171 

Index 

235 

on 


869105 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 
PAGE 


The  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor     .      .      .     Frontispiece 

Napoleon  I  with  Crown  and  Scepter 13 

Napoleon  Wearing  the  Collier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor      .  1 6 

The  Imperial  Coat  of  Arms 20 

Insignia  of  Napoleon's  Cohorts 24 

Napoleon  Conferring  the  Legion  of  Honor  Cross  upon 

Oberkampf 29 

Brevet  Accompanying  Award  of  Sword  of  Honor,  between  30-3 1 

Mantle  of  the  Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost 32 

Sword  of  Honor,  with  Grenade 34 

Musket  of  Honor 34 

Diploma  Accompanying  Award  of  Musket  of  Honor  .      .  36 

Various  Forms  of  the  Insignia  Under  Napoleon     ...  41 

Count  de  Lacepede,  First  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion 

of  Honor 42 

Napoleon  and  the  Children  of  Murat 44 

Embroidered  Plaques  of  the  Legion  and  of  the  Iron  Crown  49 

First  Distribution  of  Crosses  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  by 

Napoleon  in  the  "Invalides" 53 

Distribution  of  Crosses  by  Napoleon  at  the  Boulogne 

Camp 57 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 
PAGE 


Napoleon  Decorating  Artists  of  the  Salon  in  1808.      .      .       60 

Early  Forms  of  the  Cross  in  Napoleon's  Time       ...       63 

Raymond   Poincare,   wearing  the   Grand  Cross   of  the 
Legion  of  Honor 64 

Variations  in  Form  Between  1810  and  1870      ....       73 

Variations  from  18 16  to  1870 between  76-77 

The  Reverse  of  the  Medal  from  1816  to  1870  .     between  76-77 

Palace  of  the  Grand  Chancellery,  Legion  of  Honor,  Paris, 

1830 81 

Garden  and  Portico  of  the  Palace  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 

between  84-85 

Circular  Salon  Under  the  Rotunda,  Palace  of  the  Legion 

of  Honor between  84-85 

The  Rotunda,  Palace  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  .    between  88-89 

Rotunda  and  West  Wing,  Palace  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 

between  88-89 

Grand  Salon,  Palace  of  the  Legion  of  Honor     .     between  88-89 

Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor between  88-89 

Empire  Room,  Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 

between  88-89 

Portrait  of  Washington  by  Healey    ....     between  88-89 

George  Washington between  88-89 

Abraham  Lincoln between  88-89 

Benjamin  Franklin between  88-89 

Marquis  De  LaFayette between  88-89 

Changes  in  the  Plaques  Under  Different  Governments.       93 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 
PAGE 


The  Cross  Under  the  Restoration,  the  Second  Republic 

and  the  Second  Empire between  94-95 

Henry  IV  Displaces  Napoleon between  94-95 

Napoleon's  Grand  Collier between  96-97 

Original  Drawing  for  the  Grand  Collier .      .      .     between  96-97 

President  Doumergue   Receiving  the  Collier  as   Grand 

Master  from  General  Dubail,  the  Grand  Chancellor   .       98 

Official  Minutes  of  the  Ceremony  of  Investiture  of  Presi- 
dent Doumergue 100 

Ecouen,  the  Orphan  Girls'  School,  to  Which  Napoleon 
Devoted  His  Best  Thought      .      .      , 119 

Les  Loges,  One  of  the  Schools  Maintained  by  the  Legion 

for  Daughters  of  Legionnaires 120 

Saint  Denis,  Once  a  Benedictine  Abbey,  Now  a  School 

for  Daughters  of  Legionnaires 124 

Madame  Campan,  First  Superintendent  of  the  Orphanage 
at  Ecouen 128 

The  First  Woman  to  Wear  the  Legion's  Cross.      .      .      .      136 

Queen  Elizabeth  of  Belgium  Wearing  Sash  and  Insignia 

of  Grand  Cross 140 

General  Dubail 148 

A  Corner  of  the  American  Room,  Museum  of  the  Legion 

of  Honor 177 

Tapestry  Commemorating  the  Surrender  of  Yorktown     .      192 

General  Harbord,  Chief  of  Staff,  U.  S.  A.,  with  Colonel 

McCoy  and  Two  French  Officers 195 


ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACING 
PAGE 


Diploma  of  Chevalier,   Signed  by  Louis  XVI II 

between  200-201 

The  King  of  Rome,  Wearing  the  Insignia  of  the  Legion 

of  Honor 208 

General  Pershing  Wearing  the  Grand  Cross      .      .      .      .     214 

Diploma  of  Decoration  of  Grand  Cross  Conferred  on 

General  Pershing between  216-217 


CO 


INTRODUCTION 


NAPOLEON  I  WITH  CROWN  AND  SCEPTER 

From  Gerard's  Portrait  in  the  National  Gallery  at  Versailles 


INTRODUCTION 

...     quis  enim  virtutem  amplectitur  ipsam, 
Prsemia  si  tollas?"  — Juvenal. 

jONNEUR  ET  PATRIE,  the  words  which 
j  are  the  motto  of  the  National  Order  of  the 
J  Legion  of  Honor  of  France,  and  are  em- 
BSPIE3  broidered  upon  the  French  regimental 
flag,  voice  an  ideal  than  which  none  is  higher  or  more 
inspiring.  The  oath  taken  by  the  athletes  participat- 
ing in  the  Olympic  games  —  "We  swear  that  we 
enter  into  competition  in  a  spirit  of  loyalty,  respect- 
ful of  the  rules  that  govern  the  contest  and  desirous  of 
participating  therein  in  a  spirit  of  chivalry  and  for 
the  greater  honor  of  our  country"  —  contains  the 
same  inspiration,  the  motive  for  supreme  effort  for  a 
reward  purely  spiritual. 

In  his  imaginary  dialog  between  Solon  and 
Anacharsis,  Lucian  explains  the  virtue  of  these 
games  and  their  effect  in  developing  in  Greek  youths 
the  spirit  of  bravery,  the  yearning  for  glory,  and  the 
resolve  to  conquer  on  the  field  of  battle  in  defense  of 
Country  —  after  having  fought  and  conquered  in  the 
stadium  to  gain  no  more  precious  reward  than  a 

c  133 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

wreath  of  olive-leaves.  In  this  dialog  Solon  explains 
to  Anacharsis  that  the  extraordinary  expenditure  of 
courage,  the  desperate  struggle,  the  putting  forth 
of  the  very  last  ounce  of  strength,  all  for  a  twig  of 
foliage,  is  not  as  ridiculous  as  might  at  first  appear  to 
a  traveler  from  Scythia.  "The  prizes  are  not  to  be 
despised,"  says  Solon,  "since  they  consist  in  receiv- 
ing the  acclamations  and  applause  of  all  the  spec- 
tators; in  being  pointed  out  in  the  crowd  as  the 
bravest,  or  the  fleetest,  or  the  strongest.  Among  the 
spectators  a  great  many,  still  of  an  age  to  take  up 
the  exercises  which  they  have  witnessed,  will  go 
home  burning  with  a  new  love  for  glory  and  eager  to 
join  in  the  labors  that  procure  it.  If  we  were  to 
banish  from  life  the  love  of  glory,  what  would  be  left 
of  any  value?  Who  would  risk  his  life  in  the  per- 
formance of  a  perilous  act?  Can  you  not  imagine, 
after  having  witnessed  these  games,  how  these 
young  men  will  act  when,  with  arms  in  hand,  they 
face  the  enemy  of  their  country,  if  for  so  little  as  a 
branch  of  foliage  they  have  shown  so  much  courage 
and  so  much  intent  after  victory?" 

The  same  sentiment  is  expressed  by  Juvenal  in  his 
tenth  Satire  when  he  asks:  "Who  is  there  that  will 
embrace  virtue  for  itself  if  the  rewards  that  accom- 
pany virtue  are  withheld?" 

When  Bonaparte  was  recalled  from  Egypt  to  com- 
bat the  collective  mediocrity  of  revolutionary  France 

D43 


INTRODUCTION 

at  war  with  excellence,  he  saw  at  once  that  he  would 
have  to  enthrone  force  in  order  to  gain  efficiency. 
He  needed  obedience.  This  obedience  he  had  ob- 
tained from  his  army,  not  grudgingly  or  in  the 
spirit  of  slaves  submitting  to  a  tyrant,  but  sponta- 
neously and  willingly,  in  a  spirit  of  cooperation  born 
of  admiration  and  confidence.  This  admiration  and 
this  confidence  he  had  won  by  playing  upon  feelings 
deep-imbedded  in  the  French  soul.  The  soldiers, 
whom  he  had  led  in  Italy  from  victory  to  victory,  he 
had  stirred  by  flaming  words,  by  extolling  courage 
and  rewarding  it,  and  by  publicly  withering  the 
lack  of  it.  To  a  detachment  which  had  allowed 
itself  to  be  stampeded  at  Rivoli,  he  issued  the  follow- 
ing proclamation : 

"Soldiers  of  the  Thirty-ninth  and  Eighty-fifth 
Infantry,  you  are  no  longer  fit  to  belong  to  the 
French  Army.  You  have  shown  neither  discipline 
nor  courage,  you  have  allowed  the  enemy  to  dislodge 
you  from  a  position  where  a  handful  of  brave  men 
could  have  stopped  an  army.  The  Chief  of  Staff  will 
cause  to  be  inscribed  upon  your  regimental  flags 
'These  men  are  no  longer  of  the  Army  of  Italy.' 

No  commander  was  ever  in  more  direct  contact 
with  his  troops.  Pride,  and  the  public  gratification 
of  it  through  proclamations  and  rapid  advancement, 
was  the  sentiment  upon  which  he  worked  and  which 
made  him  the  idol  of  the  men  in  the  ranks. 

Ci-5  3 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

Called  upon  to  rule  over  the  nation,  he  utilized  the 
same  methods  that  had  served  him  so  well  with  his 
troops.  The  revolutionary  ideal  of  equality  had  not 
killed  the  ineradicable  sense  of  individuality  latent 
in  the  French  temperament.  The  same  ambition  for 
self-betterment  and  advancement  present  in  the  army, 
was  present  also  in  the  other  ranks  of  society.  The 
Revolution  abolished  the  nobles  and  destroyed  the 
rank  and  precedence  acquired  by  inheritance,  but 
deep  down  in  the  consciousness  of  the  people  was  a 
respect  for  excellence,  when  this  excellence  was  self- 
acquired. 

The  arms  of  honor  which  the  Revolution  had  dis- 
tributed as  rewards  of  valor  had  sufficed  as  recom- 
pense for  the  army,  but  no  provision  had  been  made 
to  reward  the  services  of  a  non-military  character 
rendered  to  the  nation.  It  was  to  remedy  this,  that 
Napoleon  conceived  the  formation  of  a  national  order 
which,  when  conferred,  would  provide  an  outward 
symbol  gratifying  to  the  pride  of  its  possessor  and 
raising  to  the  same  level  meritorious  service  whether 
rendered  on  the  field  of  battle  or  in  public  or  private 
life. 

In  discussing  his  project  for  the  creation  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  with  Berlier,  one  of  the  members  of 
the  Council  of  State  who  disapproved  an  institution 
deemed  by  him  contrary  to  the  Republic,  he  revealed 
his  faith  in  a  government  based  not  upon  equality 

D63 


NAPOLEON  WEARING  THE  COLLIER  OF  THE  LEGION  OF  HONOR 

From  an  Oil  Painting  by  Baron  Gerard  in  the  Royal 
Gallery  at  Dresden 


INTRODUCTION 

but  upon  the  placing  of  power  in  the  hands  of  an  elite 
especially  fitted  to  govern. 

"You  tell  me,"  said  he,  "that  class  distinctions  are 
baubles  utilized  by  monarchs.  I  defy  you  to  show 
me  a  republic,  ancient  or  modern,  in  which  distinc- 
tions have  not  existed.  You  call  these  medals  and 
ribbons  baubles;  well,  it  is  with  such  baubles  that 
men  are  led.  I  would  not  say  this  in  public,  but  in  an 
assembly  of  wise  statesmen  it  should  be  said.  I  do 
not  believe  that  the  French  people  love  Liberty  and 
Equality.  The  French  have  not  been  changed  by  a 
mere  ten  years  of  Revolution.  They  are  swayed  by 
but  one  sentiment  —  Honor.  It  behooves  us,  there- 
fore, to  feed  and  develop  this  sentiment.  The 
people  clamor  for  distinction.  See  how  the  crowd  is 
awed  by  the  medals  and  orders  worn  by  foreign 
diplomats.  We  must  recreate  these  distinctions. 
There  has  been  too  much  tearing  down;  we  must 
rebuild.  A  government  exists,  yes,  and  power;  but  the 
nation  itself  —  what  is  it?    Scattered  grains  of  sand. 

"We  have  among  us  those  that  belonged  to  the 
ancient  privileged  classes.  They  are  organized  on 
the  basis  of  their  interests  and  know  well  what  they 
want.  I  can  count  my  enemies;  but  we  are  scattered, 
without  system,  without  contact,  without  reunion. 
As  long  as  I  am  at  the  helm  of  things  I  answer  for 
the  fate  of  the  Republic,  but  we  must  foresee  the 
future.     Do   you   believe   that  the   Republic   now 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

rests  upon  a  solid  base?  If  so  you  are  much  mis- 
taken. But  we  can  place  it  upon  a  firm  foundation. 
In  order  to  do  so  we  must  plant  a  few  masses  of 
granite  as  anchors  in  the  soil  of  France." 

Arriving  upon  the  scene  during  a  period  of  disorder 
and  anarchy,  with  all  industry  paralyzed  and  the 
laboring  class  steeped  in  poverty  born  of  idleness, 
Bonaparte  aspired  to  restore  order.  Three  social 
classes  were  suffering  from  unrest  and  the  apprehen- 
sion of  a  counter-revolution.  The  bourgeoisie,  or 
ruling  middle  class,  feared  to  lose  the  power  which, 
in  the  time  of  its  intoxication  with  the  ideals  of  liberty 
and  equality,  it  had  wrested  from  the  so-called  privi- 
leged classes.  The  artizans  and  city  workers  wanted 
their  newly  acquired  rights  maintained,  but  they 
also  wanted  bread  and  they  were  ready  to  work  for  it, 
if  work  was  found  for  them.  The  peasants  who  had 
bought  lands  taken  from  the  clergy  and  the  nobles 
wanted  to  have  the  ownership  of  these  lands  assured. 
AH  were  tired  of  strife  and  desired  a  return  to  civil 
peace  and  an  end  of  internal  dissensions.  Every- 
where was  hatred  and  suspicion;  political  quarrels, 
religious  quarrels,  social  quarrels  divided  the  nation. 

Himself  a  creature  of  the  Revolution,  Bonaparte 
did  not  repudiate  its  essential  principles.  He  em- 
ployed a  great  many  of  the  men  who  had  been 
instrumental  in  the  overthrow  of  privilege,  but  he  was 
careful  to  consign  to  oblivion  and  inactivity  those 


INTRODUCTION 

who  had  abused  their  brief  authority  by  violence  and 
political  murder.  His  was  a  work  of  conciliation,  the 
restoration  of  civil  peace  between  political  parties  as 
between  classes.  It  was  he  who  refused  to  perpetuate 
the  Place  de  la  Revolution,  gory  with  the  blood  of 
the  King  and  Queen  and  of  hundreds  of  Frenchmen 
and  Frenchwomen,  and  renamed  it  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde. 

The  churches  had  been  closed  and  the  priests 
banished.  The  Republican  calendar  had  abolished 
Sunday.  Bonaparte  recalled  the  clergy  and  rein- 
stated nine  archbishops  and  forty-one  bishops.  The 
accord  with  Rome  was  celebrated  by  a  high  pontifical 
mass  held  in  Notre  Dame  and  attended  with  great 
pomp  by  the  First  Consul  and  the  high  dignitaries  of 
the  Government. 

Altho  his  accession  to  power  had  been  an  act  of 
force,  Bonaparte's  dissolution  of  the  Legislative 
Council  and  his  ejection  of  its  members  from  the 
Hall  of  Assembly  by  his  grenadiers  received  the 
formal  approval  of  the  Nation  six  weeks  later,  when 
3,001,107  votes  were  cast  accepting  the  new  Constitu- 
tion. Considering  that  the  Constitution  of  1793  had 
received  only  1,801,918  approving  votes,  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  coup  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire  was 
not  an  act  of  usurpation  but  an  expression  of  popular 
sentiment.  Upon  assuming  control  of  the  Govern- 
ment, Bonaparte  had  said:  "We  constitute  a  new 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

epoch.    Of  the  past  let  us  remember  the  good,  and 
forget  the  evil." 

Until  Bonaparte's  seizure  of  power  the  Republic 
had  issued  its  various  calls  to  arms  in  the  name  of 
Liberty.  Bonaparte's  first  proclamation,  announcing 
England's  rejection  of  his  peace  offers  and  calling 
for  new  recruits  for  the  army,  was  made  in  the  name 
of  a  new  incentive,  Honor.  "Let  the  young  men  of 
the  nation  rally  to  its  defense,"  he  said;  "they  will 
not  be  fighting  to  preserve  the  interests  of  a  party  or 
of  a  faction,  or  in  response  to  the  will  of  a  tyrant. 
They  will  be  fighting  for  what  is  dearest  to  their 
hearts,  the  honor  of  France  and  the  sacred  interests 
of  Humanity." 

On  May  6,  1800,  he  left  Paris  for  that  brilliant 
campaign  in  Italy  which  he  concluded  in  forty  days. 
His  return  to  Paris  was  marked  by  a  frenzy  of  en- 
thusiasm, and  when  in  1802  the  treaty  of  Amiens 
marked  the  pacification  of  Europe,  the  French  people 
saw  in  Bonaparte,  "the  beloved  son  of  victory,"  not 
only  a  military  hero,  but  a  political  genius  who  had 
brought  order  out  of  chaos,  restored  the  spirit  of 
fraternity  among  all  Frenchmen,  revived  industry, 
and  raised  the  nation  to  a  plane  of  prosperity  never 
before  enjoyed. 

It  is  said  that  republics  are  ungrateful.  The  France 
of  1802,  however,  proposed  to  show  its  appreciation  of 
the  many  benefits  which  had  accrued  to  the  nation  by 

C203 


THE  IMPERIAL  COAT  OF  ARMS 
Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 


INTRODUCTION 

reason  of  Bonaparte's  wisdom  and  genius  as  an 
administrator.  The  Senate  proposed  that  the  term  of 
Bonaparte  as  First  Consul  should  be  extended  for 
life.  On  this  proposition  3,577,259  citizens  voted; 
and  of  that  number  3,568,885  voted  in  the  affirmative, 
thereby  confirming  Bonaparte  almost  unanimously 
as  ruler  of  the  destinies  of  France  for  life. 

The  speech  of  Barthelemy,  spokesman  for  the 
Senate,  notifying  him  of  the  result  of  the  vote,  was  as 
fulsome  an  oration  as  ever  monarch  heard  from  sub- 
servient courtiers. 

"In  placing  permanently  in  your  hands  the  highest 
office  in  the  state,"  said  he,  "the  nation  acquires  your 
services  for  the  remainder  of  your  existence.  A  new 
career  begins  for  you.  After  prodigies  of  valor  and 
the  display  of  the  highest  military  talents  you  have 
brought  the  war  to  an  end  and  obtained  most 
honorable  conditions  of  peace.  Frenchmen  under 
your  guidance  have  assumed  the  character  and 
attitude  of  true  greatness.  You  are  the  restorer  of 
order  and  in  three  years  you  have  made  us  forget 
that  period  of  anarchy  and  public  calamity  which 
threatened  to  dry  up  forever  the  sources  of  public 
prosperity.  The  proclamation  of  Bonaparte  as  Per- 
petual Consul  is  an  augury  of  the  future  prosperity 
and  happiness  of  all  Frenchmen.  Under  your  in- 
spiration they  are  ready  to  respond  to  the  impulse  of 
glory  and  the  sentiment  of  national  greatness." 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

In  his  reply  to  this  speech,  Napoleon  used  the  words 
"Liberty  and  Equality,"  but  the  word  Republic  was 
not  mentioned.  He  does  not  wear  a  crown  as  yet,  but 
the  biggest  and  most  famous  of  the  crown  jewels,  the 
large  diamond  known  as  "the  Regent,"  is  set  into 
his  sword-hilt,  and  when  he  rides  to  Notre  Dame  to 
attend  the  Te  Deum  in  celebration  of  the  Concordat 
it  is  in  a  gilded  coach  drawn  by  eight  horses.  To 
Josephine,  asking  him,  "How  soon  will  you  make  me 
Empress  of  Gaul?"  he  replies,  laughing,  "Little 
Josephine  an  Empress!  that  would  be  funny."  But 
he  established  a  sort  of  court  about  her  and  named 
four  ladies-in-waiting  to  attend  her,  each  in  turn 
taking  up  residence  at  the  Tuileries  for  a  week. 
Four  "Prefects  of  the  Palace"  were  also  appointed, 
and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  attendants  chosen,  both 
for  Josephine  and  for  himself,  were  ci-devant  nobles 
and  nearer  to  the  throne  than  to  the  sans-culottes. 
The  Dames  du  Palais  were:  Mme.  de  Remusat,  Mme. 
de  Talhouet,  Mme.  de  Lucay,  and  Mme.  de  Lauris- 
ton.  The  four  prefects  were:  Messrs.  de  Remusat, 
Legendre  de  Lucay,  de  Beausset,  and  de  Saint-Didier. 

While  still  insisting  upon  being  addressed  as  "citi- 
zen," the  First  Consul  was  already  acting  upon  his 
conviction  that  "Equality"  as  the  guiding  spirit  of  a 
republic  was  a  delusion  and  a  false  doctrine,  contrary 
to  the  natural  aspirations  of  all  mankind  for  advance- 
ment and  distinction.     Ever  an  advocate  of  the 

C223 


INTRODUCTION 

merit  system,  he  conceived  the  term  "Equality" 
to  signify  equality  of  opportunity.  Whereas  in  royal 
days  the  army  had  been  commanded  exclusively  by 
nobles,  the  proportion  being  one  officer  for  every  four 
privates,  his  own  army  was  officered  by  men  who  had 
risen  to  their  commands  through  personal  merit. 
While  Davout,  Macdonald,  Berthier,  Marmont,  had 
been  officers  in  royal  regiments,  and  in  a  sense 
aristocrats,  Massena,  Augereau,  Murat,  Victor,  Ney, 
Oudinot,  Moncey,  Soult,  Lefebvre,  Bernadotte,  had 
risen  from  the  ranks.  Others  had  become  soldiers 
spontaneously,  overnight,  in  response  to  the  cry  "To 
arms!"  raised  in  1792.  Among  these  volunteers 
were  Lannes,  Mortier,  Suchet,  Bessieres,  Brune, 
Gouvion-Saint-Cyr,  all  "sons  of  tailors  and  cobblers" 
engaged  in  a  stupendous  adventure,  a  war  for  Liberty 
fought  to  the  cry,  "Vive  la  Nation!"  in  which 
thirty  thousand  voices  singing  the  Marseillaise  almost 
drowned  the  cannonade  of  the  enemies'  artillery.  Of 
this  breed  were  Marceau,  Kleber,  Joubert,  Desaix, 
Moreau,  and  Hoche  —  men  owing  their  advancement 
to  military  qualities  demonstrated  in  forty  battles. 
The  principle  that  established  them  generals  before 
they  had  attained  their  thirtieth  year  was  the 
principle  of  efficiency  and  fitness. 

When  Napoleon  called  into  employment  in  his 
budding  court  the  nobles  of  the  ancien  regime  it  was 
in  obedience  to  the  same  guiding  principle  of  placing 

C233 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

each  man  in  the  position  he  was  best  fitted  to  fill.  He 
was  not  acting  upon  an  impulse  born  of  vanity  so 
much  as  he  was  continuing  his  work  of  fusing  together 
all  classes  of  the  nation.  There  was  to  be  equality  of 
opportunity  even  for  the  nobles. 

The  France  of  Napoleon  lived  fifteen  years  in 
acceptance  of  authority,  obedient  to  the  rule  of 
discipline  and  ardent  in  the  cult  of  greatness.  No 
period  in  the  history  of  France  approaches  in  idealism, 
in  loftiness  of  spirit  and  exaltation,  the  short  interval 
during  which  Napoleon  Bonaparte  controlled  that 
nation's  destinies.  He  had  said  on  assuming  power: 
"Places  in  the  Government  will  be  open  to  all 
Frenchmen,  no  matter  what  their  opinions,  provided 
only  that  they  possess  knowledge,  capacity,  and 
virtue."  In  welcoming  back  into  the  fold  the  leaders 
of  the  Vendee  insurrection  he  had  said:  "Come  to 
me;  my  Government  will  be  a  government  by  Youth 
and  by  Intelligence."  At  all  times  he  gave  em- 
ployment to  every  capacity,  every  competence,  and 
because  he  asked  of  those  whom  he  employed  only 
what  was  in  their  power  to  give  and  what  was  in 
their  ability  to  know,  he  secured  from  them  the 
maximum  of  what  they  had  to  give  and  of  what  they 
knew.  Thibaudeau  has  recorded  that  in  a  conversa- 
tion held  with  him  in  1800  Bonaparte  had  told  him: 
"Altho  I  am  young  in  years,  I  am  old  in  my  knowl- 
edge of  the  human  heart."     Schopenhauer,  after  a 


INSIGNIA  OF  NAPOLEON'S  COHORTS 


INTRODUCTION 

few  minutes'  conversation  with  the  Emperor  at  Er- 
furt, exclaimed:  "Bonaparte  is  truly  the  finest  mani- 
festation of  human  will  that  has  ever  existed."       ^ 

Whenever  war,  forced  upon  him  by  his  effort  to 
maintain  France  in  a  position  of  supremacy,  gave 
him  a  respite,  he  devoted  his  talents  to  internal 
administration,  and  he  has  left  behind  him,  as  lasting 
as  his  military  fame,  such  monuments  as  the  Code 
Napoleon,  the  Bank  of  France,  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
and  a  work  of  rebuilding  which  included  ports  and 
roadways,  bridges  and  canals,  commerce  and  in- 
dustry. He  it  was  who  placed  France  in  the  position 
of  the  most  prosperous  as  well  as  the  most  powerful 
nation  in  the  world. 

Because  Bonaparte  was  "old  in  knowledge  of  the 
human  heart,' '  and  particularly  of  the  French  heart, 
which  he  had  set  vibrating  by  his  victories  and  the 
appanages  of  glory  that  accompanied  them ;  because 
he  had  seen  men  go  to  their  deaths  smiling  under  the 
stimulus  of  a  song;  because  he  had  seen  his  soldiers 
outdo  one  another  in  heroism  in  order  to  gain  a  gold 
stripe  on  their  sleeve  or  gay-colored  plumes  on  their 
hats,  or  those  arms  of  honor  which  the  Revolution 
had  distributed  in  place  of  titles;  because  of  all  this, 
he  instituted  the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  "bauble,"  but  a 
most  powerful  symbol  described  by  poets  as  a  white 
jewel  flowing  from  a  red  wound. 


WHAT    PRICE    GLORY? 

The  thirst  for  glory  —  Stimulus  provided  by  honor- 
ific DISTINCTIONS  —  The  LeGION  OF  HONOR  AS  A  REWARD 

for   civic   as   well  as  military   services french 

orders  of  chivalry  and  royal  and  military  orders 

which  have  disappeared arms  of  honor proposal 

to  make  Legion  of  Honor  hereditary  —  Reason  for 

its  remaining  the  most  desirable  of  all  outward 

symbols  of  merit. 


C27H 


WHAT  PRICE  GLORY? 

UVENAL  points  out  in  his  tenth  Satire 
that  even  in  his  day  the  armor  of  an 
enemy,  his  broken  helmet,  the  flag  ripped 
from  a  conquered  trireme,  were  treasures 
valued  beyond  all  human  riches.  It  is  to  obtain  these 
tokens  of  glory,  he  says,  that  generals,  be  they  Ro- 
man, Greek,  or  barbarian,  brave  a  thousand  perils  and 
endure  a  thousand  exertions.  "Man,"  says  Juvenal, 
"thirsts  more  for  glory  than  for  virtue." 

Instead  of  abolishing  the  rewards  of  virtue,  Bona- 
parte made  of  the  reward  of  merit  a  state  policy. 
When  he  removed  from  his  own  tunic  the  cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  to  pin  it  to  the  coat  of  Oberkampf, 
the  discoverer  of  the  printing  process  by  which  the 
famous  toiles  de  Jouy  were  manufactured,  or  per- 
formed the  same  gesture  in  decorating  Delessert, 
the  inventor  of  the  process  for  the  extraction  of 
sugar  from  beets,  he  recognized  virtue  and  public 
service  rendered  elsewhere  than  on  the  field  of 
battle. 

"I  take  pleasure  in  rewarding  those  who  serve 
the  country  as  you  do,"  he  told  Oberkampf;  "it  is 

C293 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

in  ateliers  like  yours  that  is  waged  the  best  kind  of 
war  against  the  enemy:  a  war  that  does  not  cost  a 
single  drop  of  blood.' ' 

Thus  early  in  its  existence  the  Legion  of  Honor 
rewarded  service  elsewhere  than  on  the  field  of  battle; 
but  the  glamour  that  attaches  to  the  little  strip  of 
red  ribbon  worn  unobtrusively  in  the  buttonhole  of 
the  coats  of  many  men  in  many  countries  derives 
its  prestige  from  the  fact  that  the  "bauble"  which  it 
symbolizes  is  something  that  has  been  died  for  on 
many  fields  by  many  heroes. 

There  is  something  within  us  that  is  thrilled  at 

thought  of  those 

"...  lonely  antagonists  of  Destiny 
That  went  down  scornful  before  many  spears," 

in  pursuit  of  this  "bauble."  Oberkampf  and  Deles- 
sert,  receiving  the  cross  from  Bonaparte  —  wearing 
the  same  insignia  proudly  displayed  by  the  Little 
Corporal,  the  demigod  of  the  time;  the  same  ribbon 
and  the  same  jewel  worn  by  Ney,  the  "bravest  of  the 
brave";  by  Murat,  the  fiery  and  resplendent  cavalry- 
man; and  lower  down  in  the  social  scale,  but  on  the 
same  level  heroically,  by  the  drummer-boys  who  led 
the  way  over  the  bridge  at  Arcole  —  must  have  glowed 
with  a  pride  martial  in  character,  even  tho  their  ex- 
ploits were  of  a  peaceful  nature. 

The  romantic  character  of  the  entire  Napoleonic 
period  —  its  spectacular  and  dramatic  pageantry,  the 

C303 


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RTE  AS  FIRST  CONSUL  AND  DATED   YEAR  ELEVEN  OF  THE  REPUBLIC 


WHAT  PRICE  GLORY? 

emergence  from  obscurity  of  scores  of  picturesque 
heroes  that  wrote  history  with  their  swords  —  has 
served  to  keep  alive  the  prestige  attached  to  the 
Legion  of  Honor. 

Before  its  creation,  there  had  existed  in  France 
various  orders  of  chivalry  designed  to  reward  devo- 
tion to  the  King  or  acts  of  valor  performed  in  the 
service  of  the  state.  Speaking  of  these,  Montaigne 
has  written  as  follows : 

"It  was  a  pretty  invention  and  received  into  most  govern- 
ments of  the  world,  to  institute  certain  vain  and  insignificant 
distinctions  to  honor  and  recompense  virtue;  such  as  the  crowns 
of  laurel,  oak,  and  myrtle,  the  particular  fashion  of  some 
garment,  the  privilege  of  riding  in  a  coach  in  the  city,  or  of 
having  a  torch  by  night;  some  peculiar  place  assigned  in  public 
assemblies;  the  prerogative  of  certain  additional  names  and 
titles;  certain  distinctions  in  their  bearing  of  coats  of  arms,  and 
the  like;  the  use  of  which,  according  to  the  several  humors  of 
nations,  has  been  variously  received,  and  does  yet  continue. 
We,  in  France,  as  also  several  of  our  neighbors,  have  the  orders 
of  knighthood,  instituted  only  for  this  end.  And  'tis  in  earnest 
a  very  good  and  profitable  custom  to  find  out  an  acknowledg- 
ment for  the  worth  of  rare  and  excellent  men;  and  to  satisfy 
their  ambition  with  rewards  that  are  not  at  all  chargeable 
either  to  prince  or  people. 

"And  that  which  has  been  always  found  both  by  ancient 
experience,  and  that  we  ourselves  may  also  have  observed  in 
our  own  times,  that  men  of  quality  have  ever  been  more  jealous 
of  such  recompenses  than  of  those  wherein  there  was  gain  and 
profit,  is  not  without  very  good  ground  and  reason.  If  with 
reward,  which  ought  to  be  simply  a  recompense  of  honor,  they 
shall  mix  other  emoluments,  and  add  riches,  this  mixture, 
instead  of  procuring  an  increase  of  estimation,  would  vilify 

C3in 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

and  abate  it.  The  Order  of  St.  Michael,  which  has  been  so 
long  in  repute  amongst  us,  had  no  other  nor  greater  commodity 
than  that  it  had  no  communication  with  any  other;  which 
produced  this  effect,  that  formerly  there  was  no  office,  nor  title 
whatever,  to  which  the  gentry  pretended  with  so  great  desire 
and  affection,  as  they  did  to  that;  nor  quality  that  carried  with 
it  more  respect  and  grandeur;  virtue  more  willingly  embracing, 
and  with  greater  ambition,  aspiring  to  a  recompense  truly  her 
own,  and  rather  honorable  than  beneficial;  for  in  truth,  the 
other  rewards  have  not  so  great  a  dignity  of  usage,  by  reason 
they  are  laid  out  upon  all  sorts  of  occasions.  With  money  a  man 
pays  the  wages  of  a  servant,  the  diligence  of  a  courier,  dancing, 
vaulting,  speaking,  and  the  vilest  offices  we  receive;  nay,  and 
rewards  vice  with  it  too;  and  therefore  'tis  no  wonder  if  virtue 
does  less  desire  and  less  willingly  receive  this  common  sort  of 
payment,  than  that  which  is  proper  and  peculiar  to  her,  through- 
out generous  and  noble." 


The  Order  of  Saint  Michael  has  disappeared.  So 
also  has  the  Order  of  Saint  John  of  Jerusalem, 
founded  at  the  end  of  the  eleventh  century,  and  of 
which  the  members  subsequently  became  known  as 
the  Knights  of  Rhodes  and  of  Malta.  The  Order  of 
the  Templars,  founded  in  Palestine  by  the  French  in 
1 1 18,  was  abolished  in  13 12  in  a  general  council 
presided  over  by  Pope  Clement  V  and  King  Philippe 
Ie  Bel.  The  Order  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  created, 
according  to  legend,  by  Godfrey  de  Bouillon  in  1099, 
the  members  of  which  were  supposed  to  guard  the 
tomb  of  Christ,  and  the  Order  of  Saint  Lazarus  of 
Jerusalem,  founded  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth 
century  and  fused  in  1608  with  the  Order  of  Our 


MANTLE  OF  THE  ORDER  OF  THE  HOLY  GHOST 

Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 


WHAT  PRICE  GLORY? 

Lady  of  Mount  Carmel  created  by  Henry  IV,  have 
also  departed. 

Subsequent  to  these  orders,  emanating  from  the 
Crusades,  came  several  of  a  purely  political  or 
monarchic  significance.  The  first  of  these  was  the 
Order  of  the  Star,  created  in  1351  by  Jean  II  of 
France  in  imitation  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter, 
which  had  been  recently  created  by  his  rival  Ed- 
ward III  of  England. 

Then  came  the  Order  of  Saint  Michael,  created  in 
1469  by  Louis  XI.  This  order,  suppressed  at  the 
time  of  the  French  Revolution,  was  reestablished 
in  1816  by  Louis  XVIII,  but  passed  from  circulation 
in  1830. 

Next  came  the  Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  created 
by  Henry  III  in  1578.  It  suffered  the  same  fate  as 
the  Order  of  Saint  Michael  and  ceased  to  exist  in 

1831. 

After  it  came  the  Order  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount 
Carmel,  created  by  Henry  IV  in  1607  and  confirmed 
by  Louis  XIV  and  Louis  XV.  Like  the  other  royal 
orders,  it  passed  into  history  in  1830. 

The  Order  of  Saint  Hubert,  created  in  14 16,  was 
abolished  by  Louis  XVIII  in  1824. 

The  Royal  and  Military  Order  of  Saint  Louis 
was  the  first  of  the  royal  orders  to  which  could  be 
admitted  officers  and  public  servants  not  belonging 
to  the  nobility.     It  was  founded  by  Louis  XIV  in 

C333 


NAPOLEONS  LEGION 

1693  "t0  reward  military  merit  without  distinction 
of  birth."  It  was  still  aristocratic  in  character,  in  the 
sense  that  only  officers  in  the  Army  and  Navy  could 
receive  it.  The  order  was  finally  abolished  officially 
in  1830,  but  it  had  the  unique  distinction  of  having 
survived  the  early  period  of  the  Revolution  because 
of  the  feature  in  its  statutes  which  made  it  open  to  all 
without  distinction  of  birth.  In  July,  1791,  however, 
the  Revolution  abolished  all  distinctions  tending  to 
impair  the  principle  of  Equality,  and  the  Cross  of 
Saint  Louis  went  the  way  of  its  predecessors  and  was 
no  more,  until  restored  by  Louis  XVIII. 

The  radicals  of  that  day  wanted  to  make  all  men 
of  equal  stature  by  cutting  off  the  heads  of  giants, 
thereby  reducing  all  to  the  stature  of  dwarfs.  To 
destroy  ambition  and  the  desire  to  excel  is  to  reduce 
man  to  the  level  of  the  ox.  Nations  live  by  their 
ideas  and  ideals,  and  these  are  expressed  by  images. 
The  demagogs  of  the  Revolution,  by  destroying 
all  symbols,  were  destroying  all  ideals.  Against  all 
inciting  and  inspiring  thoughts  they  cried,  "Vanity!" 
Against  all  the  glorious  motives  they  cried,  "Non- 
sense!" Against  all  the  tender  sentiments  they  cried 
"Poetry!" 

The  soul  of  France,  however,  was  ever  a  martial 
soul,  quick  to  respond  to  such  ideals  as  honor  and 
bravery.  The  apostles  of  Equality  themselves  found 
it  necessary  to  create  some  outward  symbol  with 

C343 


WHAT  PRICE  GLORY? 

which  to  reward  the  soldiers  of  the  nation  who  had 
rendered  "extraordinary  services  in  fighting  for  the 
Republic."  This  led  to  the  creation  of  Arms  of 
Honor,  rifles,  sabers,  muskets,  boarding-axes  (for 
the  navy),  bugles,  drumsticks,  grenades,  etc.,  on 
which  were  silver  mounts  bearing  the  names  of  those 
to  whom  the  trophy  was  conferred  and  the  act  which 
justified  the  award. 

By  the  time  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  instituted, 
these  Arms  of  Honor,  which  carried  with  them  a 
supplementary  grant  in  army  pay  of  one  cent  a  day, 
had  reached  a  total  of  eighteen  hundred,  and  it  was 
to  these  eighteen  hundred  men  in  the  armies  of  the 
Republic  that  the  first  eighteen  hundred  crosses  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  were  awarded. 

What  has  maintained  the  croix  des  braves  in 
popular  consideration  and  high  esteem  to  the  present 
day  is  the  fact  that  it  is  something  individual  in 
character  to  be  won  personally  and  not  handed  down 
as  a  nobiliary  title  which,  while  it  may  have  denoted 
talent  or  genius  or  heroism  on  the  part  of  the  first 
possessor,  ceases  to  have  significance  when  those  who 
wear  it  have  merely  inherited  it. 

At  one  time  the  Legion  of  Honor  threatened  to 
become  hereditary.  When  in  December,  1804,  the 
nation  by  a  vote  of  3,521,660  to  2,579  had  raised 
Bonaparte  to  the  dignity  of  Emperor,  at  the  same 
time  making  him  the  head  of  the  Napoleonic  dynasty 

C353 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

and  rendering  the  supreme  power  transmissible  to  his 
descendants,  the  thought  had  entered  Bonaparte's 
mind  that  in  order  to  maintain  this  newly  created 
dynasty  he  must  fortify  it  by  handing  down  to  his 
successor  the  support  of  adherents  made  loyal  by  the 
perpetual  quality  of  their  titles  and  positions  in  the 
nation. 

The  first  distribution  of  crosses  of  the  Legion  had 
been  made  in  July,  1804,  when  the  Order  solemnly  was 
inaugurated.  In  May  of  that  year,  Cambaceres, 
an  early  advocate  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in  his 
capacity  of  President  of  the  Senate,  had  notified 
Bonaparte  of  the  nation's  desire  that  he  become 
Emperor.  Lucien  Bonaparte,  in  an  address  before 
the  Legislative  Assembly,  had  spoken  of  the  proposed 
Legion  of  Honor  as  a  national  recompense  entirely 
personal  in  character  and  in  no  way  a  return  to  the 
system  of  hereditary  distinctions.  "  If  punishments," 
said  he,  "are  personal,  like  crimes,  recompenses 
should  be  personal,  like  services." 

As  soon  as  he  had  been  proclaimed  Emperor,  with 
power  not  only  vested  in  his  own  person  but  trans- 
missible to  his  descendants  by  inheritance,  Napoleon 
created  a  new  nobility  and  reestablished  the  titles  of 
dukes,  princes,  counts,  and  barons.  He  could  not, 
however,  elevate  to  the  dignity  of  baron  all  those 
upon  whom  the  Legion  of  Honor  had  been  conferred. 
The   transition   between   a   representative   form   of 

C363 


AflMKE  VJQUAM '       REPUBLIC! 


Francalse 


;,^,/,/,t  C 


/ttJtt panto  m   (Utforl  du*t3t!)  a«  O/  ^^ffwW-A  A  > 


f/tgrnf-^L     P'Jrnfo,<'it">  jw/O.i    ftuw6iZy*Sit.JewJ    *7*ll'' 


X/,4 


;  ©^    Z>/&£  J//W/  ^r  -&/y4j  *W'  —  eu^p^^aym 


ttfmmf 


DIPLOMA  ACCOMPANYING  AWARD  OF  MUSKET  OF  HONOR,  SIGNED  BY 
GENERAL  BERTHIER,  DATED  "GENERAL  HEADQUARTERS,  JAFFA,  YEAR  7 
OF  THE   REPUBLIC" 


WHAT  PRICE  GLORY? 

government  and  the  more  or  less  arbitrary  rule  ex- 
ercised by  him  as  Emperor  was  gradual.  It  was  not 
until  1807  that  the  words  "Republique  Francaise" 
disappeared  from  public  documents,  and  until 
1808  the  public  moneys  issued  from  the  national 
mint  bore  upon  one  side  the  legend  "Napoleon, 
Empereur,"  and  on  the  other  "Republique  Fran- 
caise." 

In  March,  1808,  the  Emperor  issued  the  decree 
which  reestablished  the  titles  of  nobility  and  con- 
ferred upon  the  members  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  the 
quality  and  appellation  of  Knight,  or  Chevalier.  This 
title  carried  with  it  the  right  to  a  coat  of  arms.  A 
subsequent  decree,  issued  March  3,  1810,  declared 
this  title  of  Chevalier  transmissible  at  death  to  the 
eldest  son,  provided  that  letters  patent  had  been 
obtained  from  the  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Empire, 
which  letters  could  be  issued  only  to  a  Chevalier 
proving  an  income  of  three  thousand  francs  or  more. 
A  clause  provided  that  for  three  generations  this 
transmitted  title  would  have  to  be  confirmed  by  the 
Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Empire,  but  that  after  three 
generations  the  title  would  descend  automatically 
and  without  further  formality.  This  quality  of 
heredity  given  to  the  members  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
was  officially  recognized  in  1814  by  Louis  XVIII, 
but  the  records  of  the  order  show  that  less  than 
1,000  Chevaliers   ever   took  out   letters  patent   or 

IT  37  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

availed  themselves  of  the  nobiliary  privilege  thereby 
conferred. 

It  is  because  of  its  remaining  a  personal  and  indi- 
vidual honor  to  be  won  and  deserved  by  the  wearer 
himself  that  the  Legion  of  Honor  has  remained  the 
most  desirable  outward  symbol  of  merit  which  the 
world  has  ever  known. 


C383 


II 

FOUNDATION    BY    NAPOLEON 

Rewards    of    merit   during   the    Revolution  —  The 
Cross  of  St.  Louis  —  Decoration  commemorating  the 

FALL    OF    THE    BASTILLE ClTIZEN    BrETECHE    AND    THE 

first  sword  of  honor creation  of  legion  of  honor 

by    Napoleon  —  Speeches    before    the    Legislative 

Assembly  by  Roederer  and  Lucien  Bonaparte  —  Text 

of  law  creating   Legion  of  Honor  —  The   sixteen 

cohorts  and  their  chiefs. 


C393 


VARIOUS   FORMS  OF  THE   INSIGNIA   UNDER   NAPOLEON 


II 

FOUNDATION  BY  NAPOLEON 

LTHO  the  French  Revolution,  by  a  decree 
dated  July  30,  1791,  had  suppressed  and 
abolished  every  order,  decoration,  or  ex- 
terior sign  indicating  distinctions  ac- 
quired through  birth,  it  maintained  the  Cross  of  St. 
Louis,  a  military  order  created  in  1693  by  Louis  XIV, 
under  the  changed  name  of  the  Military  Decoration, 
and  the  Revolutionists  continued  to  use  it  to  reward 
deeds  of  valor  on  the  battle-field  until  its  final  sup- 
pression in  October,  1792.  The  motto  of  the  Royal 
and  Military  Order  of  St.  Louis  was  "Bellicae  Virtutis 
Praemium,"  and  it  was  really  the  first  military  decora- 
tion in  the  present  sense  of  the  word.  Its  ribbon  was 
red,  practically  of  the  same  shade  as  that  which  was 
later  adopted  for  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  the  in- 
signia was  an  eight-pointed  cross  of  white  enamel 
edged  with  gold.  In  each  angle  was  set  a  fleur-de-lis, 
and  in  the  center  was  the  effigy  of  St.  Louis  in 
golden  armor.  On  the  reverse,  a  flaming  sword 
thrust  through  a  crown  of  laurel  was  represented. 
The  King  was  Grand  Master  of  the  order,  and  the 

[41] 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

one  exclusive  clause  was  that  individuals  profess- 
ing the  Protestant  faith  could  not  be  admitted  into 
it. 

While  it  abolished  distinctions  of  a  hereditary 
nature,  the  Revolution  recognized  the  justice  of 
public  rewards,  and  not  content  with  continuing  the 
Military  Decoration,  created  a  medal  of  its  own 
which  was  awarded  to  the  citizens  of  Paris  who  had 
participated  in  the  taking  of  the  Bastille.  La  Fayette, 
then  commanding  the  National  Guard  of  Paris,  de- 
signed the  medal  and  furnished  the  motto,  "  Ignorant 
ne  datos  ne  quiquam  serviat  enses,"  which  was  in- 
scribed on  the  reverse.  In  1793,  however,  the  Con- 
vention, seized  with  a  fever  of  destruction  for  every- 
thing that  had  marked  the  old  regime,  abolished 
all  decorations  and  went  even  so  far  as  to  strip  the 
army  uniforms  of  the  epaulets  and  buttons  which 
designated  certain  regiments  that  had  acquired  fame 
under  the  monarchy. 

Not  long  thereafter,  however,  a  brilliant  feat  of 
arms  at  the  battle  of  Jemmapes  by  Lieutenant 
Breteche,  who  received  forty-one  sword  wounds  in 
saving  his  general  from  capture,  occasioned  a  speech 
before  the  National  Convention  by  representative 
Marie- Joseph  Chenier,  who  proposed  for  Breteche  a 
public  reception  before  the  Convention,  the  placing 
upon  his  brow  of  a  crown  of  oak-leaves,  and  the 
presentation  to  him  of  a  sword  of  honor  with  the 

1&1 


COUNT    DE    LACEPEDE,    FIRST    GRAND    CHANCELLOR    OF    THE 
LEGION  OF  HONOR 


FOUNDATION  BY  NAPOLEON 

inscription,  "Presente  au  Citoyen  Breteche  par  la 
Republique  Francaise." 

The  sword  to  Breteche  was  soon  followed  by  other 
arms  of  honor  given  to  other  warriors  of  the  Republic 
as  a  reward  for  actions  of  valor  on  the  field  of  battle. 
During  the  Directory,  when  Napoleon  was  fighting 
the  battles  of  the  Republic  in  Italy  and  Egypt,  feats 
of  arms  became  so  frequent  that  the  Ministry  of  War 
was  kept  busy  awarding  specially  inscribed  muskets, 
swords,    bugles,    and   drumsticks   to   heroes   in   the 
several  armies  then  bringing  fame  to  the  nation. 
More  than  any  other  of  the   Republic's  generals, 
Napoleon  saw  the  value  of  these  visible  and  tangible 
symbols  of  valor  and  heroism.     Deep  psychologist 
that  he  was,  he  saw  in  the  French  temperament  a 
quick  responsiveness  to  any  appeal  made  to  pride. 
He  secured  prodigies  of  valor  by  conferring  upon 
certain  regiments  the  privilege  of  inscribing  on  their 
flags:  "The  Terrible  57th,  Which  Nothing  Can  Stop"; 
"I  Can  Always  Depend  on  the  Brave  32nd,"  or 
"The   Incomparable  9th."     He  was  lavish   in  the 
awarding  of  arms  of  honor,  and  the  records  of  the 
campaign  in  Italy  show  the  distribution  in  November, 
1 797,  of  thirty-eight  swords  to  the  Massena  division, 
three  to  the  Bernadotte  division,  seven  to  the  Se- 
rurier  division,  eighteen  to  the  Joubert  division,  five 
to  the  Delmas  division,  seven  to  the  Victor  division, 
and  two  to  the  cavalry  division.    The  two  drummer- 

C43  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

boys  who  had  led  the  charge,  in  which  Napoleon 
himself  participated,  on  the  bridge  at  Arcole,  received 
silver-mounted  drumsticks  with  inscriptions  on  them. 

Upon  his  return  to  France  and  his  elevation  to  the 
post  of  First  Consul,  Napoleon  issued  a  decree 
regulating  the  number  of  arms  of  honor  to  be  distrib- 
uted, and  stipulating  that  all  holders  of  such  marks 
of  distinction  should  receive  extra  pay  of  one  cent  a 
day.  To  holders  of  swords  of  honor,  which  were 
awarded  for  particularly  heroic  conduct,  double  pay 
was  accorded.  After  the  battle  of  Marengo,  Napo- 
leon conferred  swords  of  honor  upon  his  collaborators 
in  this  brilliant  victory,  Generals  Murat,  Victor, 
Lefebvre,  Watrin,  and  Gardanne.  Before  that,  he 
had  conferred  a  sword  and  the  title,  "  First  Grenadier 
of  France,"  on  the  veteran  La  Tour  d'Auvergne. 

It  was  in  1802,  following  a  dinner  at  Malmaison, 
that  Napoleon,  in  a  conversation  with  Monge, 
Arnault,  Duroc,  and  a  number  of  State  Councilors, 
first  discussed  the  creation  of  an  honorific  institution 
through  which  both  military  bravery  and  civil  merit 
could  be  recompensed.  A  few  days  later,  with  his 
secretaries  Meneval  and  Bourrienne,  the  First  Consul 
drew  up  the  project  for  the  creation  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  This  project  was  presented  to  the  Council 
of  State  on  May  4  by  Roederer,  but  met  with  con- 
siderable opposition.  Four  sittings  were  needed  to 
bring  it  to  a  vote,  many  Councilors  seeing  in  the  new 

C44H 


FOUNDATION  BY  NAPOLEON 

institution  the  creation  of  a  new  aristocratic  order. 
The  vote  in  favor  was  56  to  38,  and  when  later 
brought  before  the  Legislative  Assembly  it  passed  by 
only  166  votes  against  1 10.  On  that  occasion  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  the  only  one  among  the  brothers  of 
Napoleon  who  refused  to  be  elevated  to  the  rank  of 
King  and  remained  a  republican  to  the  end,  warmly 
defended  the  project  and  predicted  that  the  nation, 
by  conferring  the  new  mark  of  distinction,  would  be 
"sowing  recompenses  that  would  bring  forth  a 
harvest  of  virtues. "  Bonaparte  himself,  in  defending 
his  idea  before  the  Council  of  State,  and  combating 
the  proposition  that  the  decoration  be  made  an  in- 
strument for  rewarding  military  valor  exclusively, 
spoke  as  follows: 

"We  are  thirty  million  men  brought  together  by 
education,  property,  and  commerce;  three  or  four 
hundred  thousand  soldiers  are  nothing  compared  with 
this  mass.  The  soldiers  are  but  the  sons  of  the 
citizens.  The  army  is  the  nation.  If  we  were  to 
distinguish  between  soldiers  and  civilians  we  would 
be  establishing  two  orders,  whereas  there  is  but  one 
nation;  and  if  we  were  to  award  honors  to  soldiers 
only,  this  preference  would  be  an  injustice  and  the 
nation  would  no  longer  be  anything." 

The  First  Consul  saw  in  the  Legion  of  Honor  the 
foundation  of  an  institution  which  would  furnish  him 
with  the  means  for  grouping  around  him  the  various 

C453 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

elements  which  he  had  inherited  from  the  Revolution 
and  which  were  then  scattered  and  disunited.  Op- 
posed to  the  Government  there  remained  the  mem- 
bers of  the  old  nobility  waiting  for  a  chance  to  unite 
in  a  common  cause;  the  insurgent  peasants  of  the 
Vendee,  subdued  but  still  hostile  to  the  Republic; 
and  the  clergy,  united  in  a  powerful  corporation  and 
maintaining  at  best  a  neutrality  that  might  only  be 
temporary.  He  wanted  to  maintain  in  power  the 
generation  which  had  made  the  Revolution,  excluding 
a  small  group  whose  hands  were  soiled  with  blood, 
and  with  this  generation  he  planned  to  found  a 
society  of  which  he  would  be  the  chief  and  in  which 
his  companions  in  arms  and  his  collaborators  in  civil 
life  would  constitute  an  aristocracy  —  an  aristoc- 
racy wide  open  to  merit  and  welcoming  in  its  ranks 
public  servants  bringing  luster  to  the  nation  by  their 
labors,  their  talents,  and  their  loyalty. 

In  supporting  the  project  Roederer  had  said:  "The 
Legion  of  Honor  is  a  moral  institution  which  will  add 
strength  to  that  most  powerful  of  French  motives, 
Honor.  It  creates  a  new  currency  of  a  much  higher 
value  than  that  which  comes  out  of  the  mint,  a 
money  which  cannot  change  in  value  and  of  which 
the  supply  cannot  be  exhausted.  It  is  only  with  this 
sort  of  money  that  the  State  can  reward  those  actions 
considered  superior  to  all  recompenses." 

The  law  creating  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  adopted 

U63 


FOUNDATION  BY  NAPOLEON 

May    19,    1802.      It   conferred   membership   in   the 
Legion  on  all  those  to  whom  had  been  awarded  arms 
of  honor.    Up  to  the  time  of  the  creation  of  the  new 
order,  1,854  such  recompenses  had  been  awarded. 
The  text  of  the  law  is  as  follows : 

"In  the  name  of  the  French  nation,  Bonaparte,  First  Consul, 
proclaims  as  law  of  the  Republic  the  following  decree  rendered 
by  the  Legislative  Assembly,  on  the  29th  Floreal,  Year  X,  in 
accord  with  the  proposition  submitted  by  the  Government  on 
the  25th  instant  and  communicated  on  the  27th  instant. 

Creation  and  Organization 

Article  I.  Complying  with  Article  87  of  the  Constitution 
relative  to  military  recompenses,  and  also  to  recompense  services 
and  virtues  of  civilians,  there  shall  be  formed  a  Legion  of  Honor. 

Article  II.  This  Legion  shall  be  composed  of  a  Grand 
Council  of  Administration  and  of  fifteen  Cohorts,  each  with 
distinctive  headquarters. 

Article  III.  There  shall  be  set  aside  as  a  donation  to  each 
cohort  national  property  yielding  a  revenue  of  two  hundred 
thousand  francs  a  year. 

Article  IV.  The  Grand  Council  of  Administration  shall 
be  composed  of  seven  Grand  Officers,  to  wit:  the  three  Consuls 
and  four  other  members,  one  of  whom  shall  be  named  by  the 
Senate,  one  by  the  Legislative  Assembly,  one  by  the  Tribunat, 
and  one  by  the  Councilors  of  State.  The  members  of  the  Grand 
Council  of  Administration  will  retain  during  their  lifetime  the 
title  of  Grand  Officer,  even  tho  they  should  be  replaced  through 
subsequent  elections. 

Article  V.  The  First  Consul  is  ex-officio  chief  of  the 
Legion  and  president  of  the  Council  of  Administration. 

Article  VI.  Each  Cohort  shall  be  composed  of  seven 
Grand  Officers,  twenty  Commandants,  thirty  officers,  and  three 
hundred  and  fifty  L6gionnaires. 

C47  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

Article  VII.  There  shall  be  paid  yearly  to  each  Grand 
Officer  5,000  francs,  to  each  Commandant  2,000  francs,  to  each 
Officer  1,000  francs,  and  to  each  Legionnaire  250  francs.  These 
payments  will  come  out  of  the  fund  set  aside  for  each  Cohort. 

Article  VIII.  Each  individual  admitted  to  the  Legion 
must  swear  upon  his  honor  to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of 
the  Republic,  to  the  conservation  of  its  territory  in  its  integrity, 
to  the  defense  of  its  Government,  of  its  laws,  and  of  the  prop- 
erties which  they  have  confirmed;  to  fight  by  all  the  means 
authorized  by  justice,  reason,  and  the  laws,  any  enterprise 
intended  to  reestablish  the  feudal  regime  and  bring  back  the 
qualities  and  titles  which  were  its  attributes;  finally,  to  co- 
operate with  all  his  power  in  the  maintenance  of  Liberty  and 
Equality. 

Article  IX.  There  shall  be  established  in  each  cohort 
headquarters  a  home  and  lodgings  to  shelter  either  the  members 
of  the  Legion  whom  their  age,  infirmities,  or  wounds  have 
placed  in  the  impossibility  of  further  serving  the  State,  or 
soldiers  who  after  having  been  wounded  in  the  War  for  Liberty, 
find  themselves  in  want. 

Composition 

Article  I.  All  who  have  obtained  Arms  of  Honor  shall  be 
members  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  Those  who  can  be  nominated 
are:  soldiers  who  have  rendered  signal  services  to  the  State  in 
the  War  for  Liberty;  citizens  who  by  their  services,  their  talents, 
or  their  virtues  have  contributed  to  establish  or  defend  the 
principles  of  the  Republic  or  caused  justice  and  public  adminis- 
tration to  be  respected  and  cherished. 

Article  II.  The  Grand  Council  will  name  the  members  of 
the  Legion. 

Article  III.  During  the  six  years  of  peace  which  may 
follow  the  first  formation,  vacancies  that  may  occur  will 
remain  unfilled  until  one-tenth  and  subsequently  one-fifth  of 
the  allotment  is  vacant.  These  places  will  be  filled  only  after 
the  end  of  the  first  campaign. 

C483 


EMBROIDERED  PLAQUES  OF  THE   LEGION  AND  OF 
THE  IRON  CROWN 


FOUNDATION  BY  NAPOLEON 

Article  IV.  In  times  of  war,  nominations  to  vacancies 
cannot  be  made  until  the  end  of  a  campaign. 

Article  V.  In  times  of  war,  deeds  of  bravery  will  constitute 
titles  for  all  grades. 

Article  VI.  In  times  of  peace,  twenty-five  years  of  service 
will  be  required  for  nomination  as  member  of  the  Legion;  years 
of  service  will  count  double  in  war-time,  and  each  campaign  of 
the  last  war  will  count  as  four  years. 

Article  VII.  Services  rendered  to  the  State  in  the  fields  of 
Legislation,  Diplomacy,  Administration,  Justice,  or  Sciences 
will  also  be  titles  for  admission,  provided  that  the  person 
rendering  them  shall  have  been  a  member  of  the  National  Guard 
of  his  residential  district. 

Article  VIII.  After  the  first  organization  no  one  shall  be 
admitted  into  the  Legion  who  has  not  exercised  for  twenty-five 
years  the  required  qualifications. 

Article  IX.  The  details  of  organization  will  be  determined 
by  regulations  to  be  formulated  by  the  ist  Vendemiaire, 
year  XII,  after  which  time  they  may  not  be  amended  save  only 
by  the  passing  of  a  special  law. 

On  July  2,  1802  (13  Messidor,  Year  X),  another 
decree  raised  the  number  of  cohorts  to  sixteen  and 
apportioned  them  to  various  districts  of  the  Republic, 
assigning  them  headquarters  as  follows: 

Fontainebleau. 

The  Abbey  of  St.  Waast  at  Arras. 

The  Chateau  of  St.  Martin  at  Ypres. 

The  Chateau  of  Bruhl. 

The  former  bishop's  palace  at  Toul. 

The  former  palace  of  the  States  of  Burgundy 

at  Dijon. 
The  former  bishop's  palace  at  Vienne. 
The  former  archbishop's  palace  at  Aix. 
The  former  bishop's  palace  at  Beziers. 


ist  Cohort 

2nd 

u 

3rd 

u 

4th 

a 

5th 

u 

6th 

H 

7th 

tt 

8th 

« 

9th 

a 

I  oth  Cohort 

nth 

u 

1 2th 

« 

13th 

u 

14th 

a 

15th 

u 

1 6th 

a 

NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

The  former  archbishop's  palace  at  Narbonne. 

The  Abbey  of  La  Reole. 

The  Abbey  of  St.  Maixent. 

The  Abbey  of  Redon. 

The  Abbey  of  Bee,  near  Bernay. 

The  Chateau  of  Chambord. 

The  Chateau  of  La  Venerie." 

The  men  chosen  by  Napoleon  to  be  chiefs  of  these 
cohorts  were  all  picked  from  among  his  companions 
in  arms.  They  were:  Berthier,  Mortier,  Bessieres, 
Soult,  Lefebvre,  Davout,  Ney,  Bernadotte,  Lannes, 
Decres,  Moncey,  Murat,  Bruix,  Massena,  Augereau, 
and  Jourdan. 

The  same  decree  named  the  following  as  constitut- 
ing the  first  Grand  Council  of  Administration  of  the 
Legion : 

Bonaparte,  First  Consul,  Chief  of  the  Legion  and 
President  of  the  Council.  Cambaceres,  Second  Con- 
sul; Lebrun,  Third  Consul;  Joseph  Bonaparte;  Lucien 
Bonaparte;  General  Kellerman;  Senator  Lacepede. 
On  the  first  calling  together  of  the  Council,  Lacepede 
was  made  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion  and 
General  Dejean,  Grand  Treasurer. 


C503 


Ill 

THE    FIRST    LEGIONNAIRES 

Forms  of  insignia  —  First  distribution  of  crosses  at 

the  invalides military  distribution  at  boulogne 

Camp  —  The  first  to  be  decorated  —  The  oath  of 

ALLEGIANCE  TO  THE  EMPEROR La  FaYETTE  AND  RoCHAM- 

BEAU    REFUSE    TO   TAKE    IT CREATION    OF    EDUCATIONAL 

INSTITUTIONS    FOR    DAUGHTERS    OF     LEGIONNAIRES THE 

BUDGET  OF  THE  ORDER PRIVILEGES  ENJOYED  BY  LeGION- 

naires  —  Politicians   not   eligible   except  for  war 

DEEDS. 


C513 


Ill 

THE  FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

HE  decree  determining  the  form  which  the 
insignia  of  the  Legion  was  to  have  and 
what  the  color  of  the  ribbon  was  to  be, 
was  not  promulgated  until  July  u,  1804 
(22  Messidor,  Year  XII),  altho  eight  lists  had  already 
appeared  admitting  about  six  thousand  men  into  the 
order.  Napoleon  in  the  meanwhile  had  been  pro- 
claimed Emperor  and  the  oath  was  changed  to  read: 
"  I  swear  to  devote  myself  to  the  service  of  the  Empire 
.  .  .  and  to  the  defense  of  the  Emperor,"  instead  of 
"I  swear  to  devote  myself  to  the  service  of  the 
Republic  .  .  .  and  to  the  defense  of  its  Government." 
The  first  "cross"  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  "a 
star  with  five  double  rays  having  in  its  center  the 
profile  head  of  Napoleon  with  the  legend,  "Napoleon, 
Empereur  des  Francais"  encircling  it  inside  a  crown 
of  oak  and  laurel  leaves.  The  reverse  showed  the 
imperial  eagle  inside  the  legend,  "Honneur  et  Patrie." 
The  rays  of  the  star  were  enameled  in  white,  the  oak 
and  laurel  leaves  in  green,  and  the  center  was  of  gold 
for  the  Grand  Officers,  Commandants  and  Officers, 

L533 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

and  of  silver  for  the  Legionnaires.  The  ribbon  was 
of  red  moire  silk. 

The  distribution  of  these  prizes  was  eagerly  awaited 
by  the  army,  the  men  in  public  life,  and  the  high 
clergy,  who  were  to  be  the  first  to  wear  them.  By 
surrounding  the  ceremony  with  great  pomp  and 
solemnity,  Napoleon  gave  added  value  to  the  new 
insignia.  He  wore  it  himself  at  all  times  and  made 
it  the  emblem  of  heroism  and  of  high  service  to  the 
State. 

On  Sunday,  July  15,  1804,  on  the  fifteenth  anni- 
versary of  the  taking  of  the  Bastille,  the  troops  of 
the  Paris  garrison  were  passed  in  review  on  the  Place 
du  Carrousel  by  the  Emperor  surrounded  by  all  his 
Marshals.  They  paraded  to  the  Invalides  by  way  of 
the  Tuileries  and  the  Pont  de  la  Concorde.  The 
Empress  and  the  ladies  of  the  imperial  family, 
sisters  and  sisters-in-law  of  the  Emperor,  riding  in 
carriages  drawn  by  eight  horses  and  escorted  by  a 
brilliant  cavalcade  of  Grenadier  Guards,  arrived  at 
the  church  at  noon  and  were  received  by  the  Governor 
of  the  Invalides  and  the  Grand  Master  of  Ceremonies. 
Napoleon,  in  the  uniform  of  the  Chasseurs  of  the 
Guard  and  preceded  by  his  Marshals,  joined  the 
procession  with  a  brilliant  staff  and  rode  to  the  court- 
yard of  the  Invalides,  where  all  dismounted  outside 
the  grille  and  went  on  afoot  to  the  church. 

The  imperial  throne  had  been  set  up  inside  the 

1541 


THE  FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

church,  fronting  the  altar,  and  gathered  about  it  were 
all  the  dignitaries  of  the  empire.  The  Cardinal- 
Archbishop  of  Paris  celebrated  mass,  and  after  an 
oration  by  the  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion,  the 
ceremony  of  investiture  began.  The  Legionnaires 
were  massed  at  the  foot  of  the  throne,  and  Napoleon, 
placing  the  ever-to-be-famous  cocked  hat  upon  his 
imperial  head,  read  out  the  oath:  "Commandants, 
Officers,  and  Legionnaires,  citizens  and  soldiers,  you 
swear  upon  your  honor  to  devote  yourselves  to  the 
service  of  the  Empire  .  .  .  AH  the  Legionnaires 
in  a  swelling  chorus  replied,  "I  swear  it." 

The  crosses  were  then  brought  in  on  large  gold 
salvers,  which  were  laid  on  the  steps  of  the  throne; 
the  Grand  Master  of  Ceremonies,  Monsieur  de 
Segur,  chose  one  which  he  handed  to  the  Grand 
Chamberlain,  Monsieur  de  Talleyrand.  Talleyrand 
presented  the  cross  to  His  Imperial  Majesty,  who 
turned  to  his  brother  Louis  to  have  it  pinned  on. 
With  cannon  booming  and  the  organ  of  the  church 
pealing  out  a  Te  Deum,  the  Emperor  then  went  on 
with  the  distribution  of  crosses,  bishops  and  generals 
and  the  humblest  trooper  all  receiving  it  at  his  hands. 

The  Revolution  was  still  fresh  in  the  public  mind, 
but  the  fascination  exercised  by  Napoleon  was  such 
that  few  saw  in  his  elevation  to  a  throne  the  over- 
throw of  republican  principles  and  the  surrender  of 
the  people's  liberties.    Among  the  distinguished  men 

C553 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

who  were  asked  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  Emperor 
as  part  of  the  ritual  admitting  them  into  the  Legion, 
there  were  few  who  declined.  It  will  be  interesting 
to  Americans,  however,  to  be  reminded  that  among 
those  who  balked  at  taking  this  oath  were  La  Fayette 
and  Rochambeau. 

Among  the  first  six  thousand  to  be  decorated  were 
the  eighteen  Marshals,  all  the  Generals,  all  the 
Colonels,  all  the  high  naval  officers,  most  of  the 
bishops,  and  great  men  like  Monge,  Cambaceres, 
Sieves,  Brillat-Savarin,  Parmentier,  Cuvier,  Mont- 
golfier,  Chenier,  David,  Talleyrand,  Fouche,  Ber- 
tholet,  Roederer,  Portalis,  etc. 

The  second  distribution  of  crosses  was  even  more 
impressive  than  the  first.  It  was  held  a  few  weeks 
later,  on  August  16,  at  the  famous  Boulogne  Camp, 
where  Napoleon  was  assembling  the  great  army  with 
which  he  proposed  to  invade  and  conquer  England. 
This  was  a  military  pageant  in  which  70,000  men 
participated.  The  troops  were  massed  in  a  semi- 
circle spread  out  like  a  fan  and  facing  the  historic 
throne  of  King  Dagobert  raised  on  an  artificial 
mound  planted  with  flags  captured  from  the  enemy. 
The  suits  of  armor  worn  by  Bayard  and  Du  Guesclin 
served  as  receptacles  for  the  crosses  about  to  be 
distributed,  and  two  thousand  drums  were  massed 
on  either  side  of  the  throne  to  punctuate  by  their 
rumble  the  opening  and  closing  of  the  ceremonies. 


S    Q 


THE  FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

Here  again,  the  Emperor  read  the  oath,  and  those 
about  to  be  decorated  responded  in  a  mighty  chorus, 
"I  swear  it."  Again  each  man  received  his  cross  at 
the  hands  of  Napoleon  himself,  and  in  the  heart  of 
many  of  these  men  there  was  thereby  awakened  a 
feeling  of  personal  relationship  with  a  Divinity. 

Shortly  thereafter  (3  Prairial,  Year  XII)  the  Grand 
Council  of  the  Legion  voted  to  admit  into  the  Order 
distinguished  foreigners  whom  it  would  be  possible 
in  this  manner  to  honor.  It  was  stipulated,  however, 
that  such  foreigners  would  be  "admitted  but  not 
received/'  and  this  distinction  has  continued  down  to 
the  present  time.  Naturally  the  foreigners  were 
exempted  from  taking  the  oath. 

In  January,  1805,  Napoleon,  feeling  the  need  of 
distributing  the  insignia  of  the  Legion  among  the 
crowned  heads  of  Europe,  created  a  fifth  grade, 
superseding  all  those  existing,  to  be  known  as  the 
Grand  Eagle  or  Grand  Decoration.  The  number  of 
Grand  Eagles  was  not  to  exceed  sixty,  exclusive  of 
the  imperial  family  and  dignitaries  of  foreign  states. 
This  Grand  Decoration  consisted  of  a  wide  red  sash 
passing  from  the  right  shoulder  to  the  left  hip,  from 
which  was  suspended  the  cross  of  the  Legion.  In 
addition  there  was  to  be  embroidered  in  silver  on  the 
left  side  of  an  outer  coat  a  plaque  figuring  the  ten 
rays  of  the  star  and  the  imperial  eagle  within  the 
emblazoned  motto,  "Honneur  et  Patrie." 

C57  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

Two  weeks  after  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  Napoleon, 
writing  from  the  Palace  of  Schonbrunn  (December  15, 
1805),  added  to  the  privileges  associated  with  the 
Legion  of  Honor  that  of  free  education  for  the 
daughters  of  Legionnaires  killed  in  action.  The  Em- 
peror had  planned  to  establish  five  such  houses  of 
education  —  at  the  Abbey  of  Saint  Denis,  at  the 
Chateau  of  Ecouen,  on  the  Rue  Barbette  in  Paris, 
at  Barbeaux,  and  at  the  Chateau  des  Loges  —  but 
only  three  of  these  were  ever  brought  into  full 
operation :  Saint  Denis,  Ecouen,  and  Les  Loges.  The 
first  was  established  at  the  Chateau  of  Ecouen, 
formerly  the  property  of  the  Dukes  of  Montmorency, 
and  placed  by  Napoleon  under  the  direction  of  the 
famous  Madame  Campan,  who  had  conducted  during 
the  Revolution  a  private  school  in  Paris  which  the 
children  of  Josephine  attended.  The  second,  that  of 
Saint  Denis,  was  inaugurated  in  1809,  and  in  181 1  Les 
Loges  began  operation. 

These  houses  of  education  were  placed  under  the 
high  patronage  of  Queen  Hortense,  daughter  of  Jo- 
sephine and,  as  has  been  said,  a  former  pupil  of 
Madame  Campan.  Originally  it  had  been  the  inten- 
tion to  admit  only  daughters  of  Legionnaires  who  had 
been  killed  in  action,  or  who  had  died  in  the  service  of 
the  State,  but  subsequently  admission  privileges  were 
extended  so  as  to  include  sisters,  nieces,  and  first 
cousins,  and  a  class  of  paying  students  was  created. 

C58: 


THE  FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

The  proportion  of  paying  pupils  to  those  maintained 
and  instructed  by  the  Legion  was  twenty  per  cent. 
In  1809  the  establishment  at  Ecouen  harbored  three 
hundred  students  and  a  similar  number  were  provided 
for  at  Saint  Denis.  The  establishment  at  Les  Loges 
accommodated  only  two  hundred  students.  There 
was  no  limit  placed  on  the  age  for  admission,  but 
pupils  were  released  at  the  end  of  their  eighteenth 
year  unless  their  education  had  been  completed  before 
that. 

The  original  law  setting  aside  national  property 
calculated  to  yield  two  hundred  thousand  francs  of 
income  for  each  cohort  was  soon  found  to  be  ineffec- 
tive. In  many  sections  the  property  set  aside  as 
forming  part  of  the  endowment  of  the  cohort  was 
non-productive  or  clouded  as  to  title,  thus  yielding 
no  revenues  to  the  new  owner.  A  new  law  was 
therefore  formulated  under  date  of  January  31,  1805, 
which  converted  the  dotation  to  half  real  estate  and 
half  Government  bonds. 

The  abolition  of  the  entire  system  of  cohorts  in 
February,  1809,  caused  another  financial  readjust- 
ment, and  the  Legion  turned  over  its  rural  properties 
to  the  State,  receiving  in  exchange  bonds  yielding  a 
revenue  of  2,082,000  francs.  It  also  turned  over  its 
wooded  and  agrarian  properties  and  received  in  ex- 
change bonds  with  a  yearly  revenue  of  240,000  francs. 

By  the  terms  of  the  original  law,  the  Legion  was  to 

C593 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

consist  of  105  Grand  Officers,  to  whom  would  be 
paid  5,000  francs  a  year;  300  Commanders,  who  would 
receive  2,000  francs  a  year:  450  Officers,  to  whom 
1,000  francs  a  year  would  be  paid,  and  3,750  Legion- 
naires at  250  francs  a  year.  These  4,605  members 
would  consequently  receive  yearly  2,512,500  francs. 
But  the  membership  had  grown  to  9,083  at  the  end 
of  1805,  and  the  amounts  to  be  paid  to  the  Legion- 
naires then  aggregated  4,324,250  francs.  Altho  the 
property  of  the  Legion  was  estimated  to  yield 
5,605,358  francs,  the  amount  collected  was  only 
4,180,085  francs.  It  was  necessary,  therefore,  for 
the  Government  to  aid  the  treasury  of  the  Legion, 
and  it  did  so  by  contributing  3,500,000  francs.  The 
deficit  kept  on  growing  as  the  members  admitted 
into  the  Legion  increased  in  number,  and  by  18 13  the 
receipts  failed  to  meet  the  sum  needed  for  disburse- 
ments by  3,503,980  francs. 

Up  to  March,  1806,  the  Legion  had  received  from 
the  State  4,103,488  francs  in  revenues.  In  1809  a 
further  dotation  of  2,102,500  francs  was  added,  and 
in  July,  1 810,  a  supplementary  sum  yielding  200,000 
francs  was  added,  this  last  assigned  particularly  to 
meet  the  cost  of  maintenance  of  the  three  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  Legion. 

In  spite  of  all  this,  the  Legion  still  had  a  deficit  of 
409,590  francs  in  1814,  and  it  was  to  remedy  this 
situation  that  Louis  XVIII,  in  the  decree  continuing 

[60: 


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THE   FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

the  Legion  of  Honor,  inserted  the  provision  that  the 
pensions  enjoyed  by  members  of  the  Legion  would  be 
reduced  to  meet  the  revenues  of  the  Order  and  that 
all  further  appointees  would  be  Legionnaires  without 
monetary  emoluments. 

In  December,  1816,  the  yearly  grant  to  Legion- 
naires was  cut  in  half  and  limited  exclusively  to 
officers  and  men  of  the  regular  army  and  navy.  In 
1 820  the  military  and  naval  Chevaliers  were  restored 
to  the  original  pension,  the  Government  having 
donated  3,400,000  francs  to  meet  the  added  cost;  but 
Legionnaires  outside  of  the  army  and  navy  have 
continued  to  this  day  without  pension.  The  pension 
now  accompanying  the  decoration  is  as  follows: 
3,000  francs  to  Grand  Crosses;  2,000  to  Grand 
Officers;  1,000  to  Commanders;  500  to  Officers  and 
250  to  Chevaliers.  These  sums  are  still  paid  annually 
to  officers  and  men  of  the  army  and  navy  in  active 
service,  and  to  soldiers  and  sailors  of  all  grades 
retired  through  the  amputation  of  an  arm  or  leg,  or 
suffering  from  injuries  equivalent  to  the  loss  of  an 
arm  or  leg. 

The  property  of  the  Legion  consists  of  the  palace 
at  64  Rue  de  Lille,  Paris,  where  the  Grand  Chancellor 
maintains  offices,  and  where  are  housed  the  archives 
of  the  Order  (this  includes  a  museum  built  in  1925); 
the  Abbey  of  Saint  Denis;  the  Chateau  of  Ecouen; 
and  the  Chateau  of  Les  Loges  near  Saint  Germain, 

on 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

all  three  in  the  suburbs  of  Paris  and  used  as  schools  for 
the  education  of  daughters  of  Legionnaires.  In  addi- 
tion the  Order  is  down  on  the  books  of  the  Public 
Debt  for  a  yearly  revenue  of  4,145,747  francs  in  three 
per  cent,  rentes  and  24,843  francs  in  Provincial  rentes. 
It  also  derives  a  yearly  income  of  56,336  francs 
from  gifts  and  endowments  received  from  private 
individuals.  This  revenue  falls  short  every  year  by 
many  millions  of  the  sum  needed  for  pensions,  and 
since  1832  the  Government  has  had  to  make  up  the 
deficit  by  yearly  grants.  From  1832  to  1844  tne 
State  contributed  64,000,000  francs  to  the  Legion 
in  this  manner,  and  the  grants  have  grown  from 
3,392,996  francs  in  1844  *°  19,883,460  francs  in  1922. 
The  yearly  compensation  paid  out  to  military  Legion- 
naires in  1886  was  9,987,700  francs.  In  1922  it  had 
grown  to  20,314,250  francs.  During  that  year,  sixty 
Grand  Crosses,  182  Grand  Officers,  839  Commanders, 
4,092  Officers  and  25,961  Chevaliers  were  drawing  a 
Legion  of  Honor  pension,  while  20  Grand  Crosses, 
50  Grand  Officers,  250  Commanders,  2,000  Officers 
and  12,000  Chevaliers  received  no  money  compensa- 
tion with  their  decoration. 

The  budget  of  the  Order  for  1925  amounted  to 
58,254,650  francs.  This  is  not  all  chargeable  to  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  however,  since  26,000,000  francs 
of  this  total  goes  as  the  yearly  grant  paid  to  soldiers 
decorated  with  the  Medaille  Militaire  (created  by 

C62  3 


THE  FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

Napoleon  III  in  1852).  The  Legion  of  Honor  crosses, 
carrying  with  them  a  yearly  grant  and  the  other 
expenses  of  the  Grand  Chancellery,  totaled  27,063,- 
647  francs.  The  revenues  derived  by  the  Legion 
from  its  own  properties,  including  Government  bonds, 
amounted  to  less  than  5,000,000  francs. 

In  addition  to  the  Government  subsidy  and  the 
income  derived  from  its  holdings  in  Government 
bonds  the  Legion  receives  about  500,000  francs  a 
year  from  fees  for  diplomas  and  insignia  to  French 
members  and  from  the  paying  pupils  educated  at 
Ecouen,  Saint  Denis,  and  Les  Loges.  Foreign  mem- 
bers of  the  Legion  do  not  receive  a  pension  and  are 
exempted  from  paying  the  fees  for  diplomas  paid  by 
nationals.  The  fee  for  diplomas  was  twenty-five 
francs  for  a  Chevalier,  fifty  francs  for  an  Officer, 
eighty  francs  for  a  Commander,  one  hundred  and 
twenty  francs  for  a  Grand  Officer,  and  two  hundred 
francs  for  a  Grand  Cross,  but  in  1926  it  was  raised  to 
fifty  francs  for  a  Chevalier,  one  hundred  francs  for 
an  Officer,  two  hundred  francs  for  a  Commander, 
three  hundred  for  a  Grand  Officer,  and  five  hundred 
francs  for  a  Grand  Cross. 

The  military  Legionnaires  receive  their  insignia 
free  of  charge,  but  the  civilians  must  pay  thirty 
francs  for  the  cross  of  a  Chevalier,  one  hundred 
and  fifty-eight  francs  for  that  of  an  Officer,  three 
hundred  and  twenty-six  francs  for  the  decoration 

C633 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

and  cravat  of  Commander,  three  hundred  and  eight 
francs  for  the  plaque  and  cross  of  a  Grand  Officer, 
and  seven  hundred  and  twenty-one  francs  for  the 
plaque  and  cross  of  the  Grand  Cross.  In  addition 
there  are  Chancellery  fees  ranging  from  fifty  francs 
for  the  diploma  of  Chevalier  to  five  hundred  francs 
for  the  diploma  of  Grand  Cross. 

The  distinction  of  membership  in  the  Legion  of 
Honor  confers  upon  its  possessor  certain  privileges 
and  prerogatives:  soldiers  and  non-commissioned 
officers  wearing  the  decoration  are  entitled  to  a 
salute  from  military  men  of  the  same  grade  not  so 
decorated.  Legionnaires  of  high  rank  (Grand  Crosses 
and  Grand  Officers)  indicted  for  criminal  offenses, 
may  demand  to  be  judged  at  once  by  a  higher  court. 
The  distinction  of  being  a  Legionnaire  also  facilitates 
promotion  in  the  various  colonial  orders  instituted 
by  the  French  Government.  Impoverished  mem- 
bers may  have  their  daughters  educated  free  at  one 
of  the  Legion's  educational  institutions,  and  they  are 
entitled  to  a  military  escort  at  their  funeral. 

Membership  in  the  Legion  of  Honor  is  forfeited 
for  the  same  causes  that  lead  to  the  forfeiture  of 
citizenship.  In  the  case  of  bankrupts,  the  honor  is 
restored  if  the  bankrupt  subsequently  liquidates  his 
debts.  Dishonorable  acts,  even  when  not  classified 
as  crimes,  may  cause  the  expulsion  of  a  Legionnaire. 
The  most  recent  instance  of  this  kind  was  the  exclu- 

:64] 


RAYMOND  POINCARE,  FORMER    PRESIDENT  OF  THE  FRENCH 
REPUBLIC,    WEARING    THE    GRAND    CROSS    OF   THE    LEGION 


THE  FIRST  LEGIONNAIRES 

sion  of  Victor  Marguerite  for  the  writing  of  the 
sensational  book  "La  Garconne,"  which  was  deemed 
a  menace  to  public  morals  and  a  libel  on  French 
character. 

Members  of  the  French  Parliament,  whether  Dep- 
uties or  Senators,  may  not  be  named  into  the  Legion 
of  Honor  or  promoted  while  they  hold  public  office, 
save  only  in  time  of  war,  and  then  only  as  a  reward 
for  acts  of  valor  performed  on  the  field  of  battle. 


C653 


IV 
PRIVILEGES    AND    OBLIGATIONS 

Various  grades  in  the  Order  —  The  President  of  the 
Republic,  Grand  Master  ex-Officio  —  140,000  Legion- 
naires in   1927  —  Changes   in  the   insignia  —  Rules 

governing    promotion    of    members  pensions    to 

Legionnaires    in    the   Army   or    Navy  —  Privileges 

attaching  to  the  quality  of  legionnaires grand 

Chancellors    since    1803  —  Cities    and    regimental 

FLAGS  DECORATED  WITH   LEGION  OF  HONOR  —  The  FOUR- 

ragere  of  the  Legion. 


C673 


IV 

PRIVILEGES  AND  OBLIGATIONS 

HE  French  National  Order  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  is  an  institution  of  distinction  in 
which  several  grades  exist.  It  consists  of 
Knights  (Chevaliers), Officers, Command- 
ers, Grand  Officers,  Grand  Crosses,  and  is  presided 
over  by  the  President  of  the  French  Republic  who  is 
ex-officio  Grand  Master  of  the  Order. 

The  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  as  has  been 
stated,  is  a  star  of  five  double  rays  surmounted  by  a 
wreath  of  oak  and  laurel.  The  center  of  the  star 
presents  upon  one  side  a  profile  head  of  the  Republic 
with  the  inscription  "Republique  Francaise,  1870," 
and  upon  the  other,  two  tricolor  flags  with  the  motto 
"Honneur  et  Patrie."  The  star,  which  is  of  white 
enamel,  is  of  silver  for  Knights  and  of  gold  for  Officers, 
Commanders,  and  Grand  Crosses.  The  Knights 
wear  the  decoration  attached  to  a  ribbon  of  red  moire 
silk  on  the  left  side  of  the  breast.  The  Officers  also 
wear  it  on  the  left  side,  but  with  a  rosette  superim- 
posed upon  the  ribbon.  The  Commanders  wear  the 
decoration    around    the    neck    and    attached    to    a 

C693 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

ribbon  a  little  larger  than  that  of  the  Officers  and 
Knights.  The  Grand  Officers  carry  upon  the  right 
side  a  plaque  or  star  with  five  double  rays,  diamond- 
studded,  upon  a  silver  ground  three  and  one-half  inches 
in  diameter,  in  the  center  of  which  is  the  profile  head 
of  the  Republic  and  the  inscription,  "La  Republique 
Francaise,  1870,"  "Honneur  et  Patrie."  They  also 
wear  the  cross  of  Officers.  The  Grand  Crosses  wear 
a  wide  red  moire  sash  crossing  the  chest  from  the 
right  shoulder;  to  this  is  suspended  a  cross  similar  to 
that  of  the  Commanders,  but  two  and  three-fourths 
inches  in  diameter.  In  addition  they  wear  upon  the 
left  side  of  the  chest  a  plaque  similar  to  that  of  the 
Grand  Officers. 

Civilians,  instead  of  the  cross,  display  a  narrow 
ribbon  in  the  buttonhole  for  the  Knights,  and  a 
rosette  for  the  grades  above.  Officers  wear  the  rosette 
alone,  while  Commanders  wear  the  rosette  centered 
upon  a  small  silver  barrette  (flat  bar  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  wide  by  three- fourths  of  an  inch  long).  The 
Grand  Officers  wear  the  rosette  on  a  barrette  one 
half  gold,  the  other  half  silver,  while  the  Grand 
Crosses  wear  the  rosette  on  a  gold  barrette. 

The  insignia  of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  is  a  jeweled  chain  collar  of  gold  and  enamel 
similar  to  the  neck-chains  of  the  ancient  orders  of 
knighthood.  This  Grand  Collier  is  seldom  worn,  how- 
ever, and  the  Grand  Master  generally  appears  wear- 

C703 


PRIVILEGES  AND  OBLIGATIONS 

ing  the  sash  and  plaque  of  the  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  only. 

No  citizen  of  France  can  be  admitted  into  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  any  grade  but  that  of  Knight 
(Chevalier),  nor  can  he  be  promoted  except  from  one 
grade  to  the  other  immediately  above.  Generally 
twenty  years'  service  in  Government  employ,  or 
twenty-five  years'  practise  in  industry  or  in  one  of 
the  professions,  is  demanded  before  admission.  A 
Legionnaire  cannot  be  promoted  to  the  grade  of 
Officer  until  four  years  after  his  appointment  as  a 
Knight.  After  two  years  as  Officer  he  may  be  ad- 
vanced to  Commander,  after  three  years  as  Com- 
mander he  can  be  made  Grand  Officer,  and  after  five 
years  as  Grand  Officer  he  can  be  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  Grand  Cross.  In  exceptional  cases,  it  is  true, 
these  periods  of  transition  may  be  shortened;  but 
under  no  circumstances  can  promotion  be  made 
through  more  than  one  grade.  In  the  case  of  for- 
eigners, however,  it  has  frequently  happened  not 
only  that  the  initial  appointment  was  to  a  grade 
higher  than  Knight,  but  that  promotions  were  made 
without  waiting  the  stipulated  intervals,  and  occasion- 
ally by  skipping  one  or  more  grades. 

In  July  1927  the  law  was  amended  so  that  French- 
men must  now  wait  eight  years  before  becoming  sus- 
ceptible to  advancement  from  Chevalier  to  Officer; 
five  years  from  Officer  to  Commander;  three  years 

r.70 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

for  advancement  from  Commander  to  Grand  Officer, 
and  three  years  for  advancement  from  Grand  Officer 
to  Grand  Cross. 

The  induction  to  the  grades  of  Grand  Cross  and 
Grand  Officer  is  usually  performed  in  the  presence  of 
the  President  of  the  Republic,  Grand  Master  of  the 
Order.  Military  men  are  decorated  according  to  a 
formula  descended  from  the  ancient  practise  observed 
when  knighthood  was  conferred.  The  officer  charged 
with  the  conferring  of  the  decoration  strikes  the 
appointee  on  both  shoulders  with  the  flat  of  his 
sword,  pins  the  decoration  upon  his  chest,  and 
gives  him  the  accolade  in  the  presence  of  assembled 
troops. 

Military  honors  are  rendered  to  Legionnaires  upon 
their  death.  At  the  funeral  of  a  titular  of  the  Grand 
Cross,  two-thirds  of  the  military  garrison  join  in  the 
ceremony.  For  Grand  Officers  half  of  the  garrison 
attend ;  for  Commanders,  three  officers  of  high  grade, 
three  captains  and  three  lieutenants ;  for  Officers,  two 
superior  officers,  two  captains  and  one  lieutenant; 
and  for  Knights,  three  lieutenants. 

The  National  Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  is 
administered  by  a  Grand  Chancellor  and  a  council  of 
ten  members  assisted  by  a  General  Secretary.  The 
Grand  Chancellor,  who  is  chosen  from  among  the 
Grand  Crosses  or  Grand  Officers  of  the  Legion,  is 
custodian  of  the  seal  of  the  Order  and  submits  to  the 

C723 


o 

IN 

00 


PRIVILEGES  AND  OBLIGATIONS 

President  of  the  Republic  such  recommendations  as 
concern  the  Legion.  He  is  in  direct  contact  with  the 
President  of  the  Republic  and  attends  such  meetings 
of  the  Cabinet  as  are  taken  up  with  measures  affect- 
ing the  interests  of  the  Order. 

The  Council  of  the  Order  is  composed  of  the  Grand 
Chancellor,  who  presides,  and  ten  members  chosen 
from  among  Grand  Crosses,  Grand  Officers,  and  Com- 
manders. It  is  concerned  with  the  observance  of  the 
statutes  and  regulations  of  the  Order,  and  of  the 
foundations  maintained  by  it.  Every  six  months  it 
tabulates  the  number  of  vacancies  which  make 
possible  new  appointments  and  promotions  in  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  It  also  votes  on  the  recognition 
to  be  accorded  for  exceptional  services  and  estab- 
lishes the  yearly  budget  of  the  Order. 

The  offices  of  the  Order  have  been  located  since 
1804  in  the  ancient  Palace  de  Salm,  64  Rue  de  Lille, 
Paris.  Here  are  kept  the  archives  of  the  Order,  and, 
since  191 1,  various  relics  and  treasures  constituting 
a  museum  of  the  highest  interest. 

Since  1803  the  Grand  Chancellors  have  been: 
Count  Lacepede,  Baron  de  Pradt,  Viscount  de  Bruges, 
Marshal  Macdonald,  Marshal  Mortier,  Marshal 
Gerard,  Marshal  Oudinot,  General  Subervie,  Marshal 
Molitor,  Marshal  Exelmans,  General  Count  d'Or- 
nano,  General  Lebrun,  Marshal  Pelissier,  Admiral 
Hamelin,  General  Count  Flahaut,  General  Vinoy, 

C73  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

General  Faidherbe,  General  Fevrier,  General  Davout, 
General  Florentin,  and  General  Dubail. 

As  an  equivalent  to  the  ancient  privilege  granted 
in  the  days  of  the  ancien  regime,  when  monarchs 
ruled,  to  certain  cities  to  incorporate  in  their  coat 
of  arms  the  fleur-de-lis  of  the  reigning  house,  a 
number  of  cities  received  in  various  circumstances  the 
right  to  have  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  figure 
in  their  escutcheon.  These  cities  in  chronological 
order  are:  Chalon-sur-Saone,  Tournus,  St.-Jean-de- 
Losne,  Roanne,  Chateaudun,  Belfort,  Rambervillers, 
St.  Quentin,  Dijon,  Bazeilles,  Paris,  Lille,  Valen- 
ciennes, Landrecies,  St.-Dizier,  Peronne,  Liege, 
Verdun,  Bitche,  Reims,  Dunkerque,  Strasbourg, 
Phalsbourg,  Cambrai,  Douai,  Longwy,  Nancy, 
Metz,  Arras,  Lens,  Bapaume,  Bethune,  Soissons, 
Thionville,  Noyon,  Chateau-Thierry,  Belgrade. 

A  number  of  army  corps  and  regiments,  through 
brilliant  actions  under  fire,  have  acquired  the  right 
to  carry  the  Legion  of  Honor  insignia  on  the  staff  of 
the  corps,  or  regimental  flag.  The  feat  of  arms  most 
generally  rewarded  in  this  manner,  previous  to  the 
World  War,  was  the  capture  of  a  flag  from  the  enemy. 
The  following  military  groups  have  had  their  colors 
decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honor: 

Second  regiment  of  Zouaves  (1859). 
Seventy-sixth  regiment  of  Infantry  (1859). 
Tenth  battalion  Chasseurs  of  the  Guard  (1859). 


PRIVILEGES  AND  OBLIGATIONS 

First  regiment  Chasseurs  d'Afrique  (1863). 
Third  regiment  of  Zouaves  (1863). 
Third  regiment  Algerian  Tirailleurs  (1863). 
Ninty-ninth  regiment  of  Infantry  (1863). 
Fifty-first  regiment  of  Infantry  (1865). 
Fifty-seventh  regiment  of  Infantry  (1880). 
Second  regiment  Algerian  Tirailleurs  (1902). 

Other  units  that  won  the  Legion  of  Honor  before 
1 9 14  were  the  battalion  of  cadets  in  the  Saint-Cyr 
Military  Academy;  the  battalion  of  the  Polytechnic 
School;  the  regiment  of  firemen  of  Paris;  the  First 
Regiment  of  the  Foreign  Legion ;  the  First  Regiment 
of  Colonial  Infantry,  and  the  First  Regiment  of 
Colonial  Artillery. 

Decorated  during  the  late  war  for  the  capture  of  a 
flag  from  the  enemy  —  before  flags  ceased  to  be 
carried  into  battle  —  were  the  First  Battalion  of 
Chasseurs  a  Pied;  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty- 
seventh  Regiment  of  Infantry;  the  Two  Hundred 
and  Ninety-eighth  Regiment  of  Infantry;  and  the 
Twenty-fourth  Regiment  of  Colonial  Infantry. 

Acts  of  heroism  became  so  numerous  during  the 
World  War  that  the  French  Government  created  a 
new  mark  of  distinction  in  the  jourragere.  This  con- 
sists of  a  braided  cord  going  over  and  under  the  left 
shoulder  and  fastened  to  the  collar;  it  is  worn  by  the 
officers  and  men  of  the  regiment,  or  army  corps,  upon 
which  the  distinction  is  conferred.  The  French  War 
Department  created  first  the  Jourragere  of  the  Croix 

[75H 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

de  Guerre,  which  is  red  and  green,  and  which  was 
conferred  after  two  citations.  It  was  then  found 
necessary  to  create  a  higher  form  of  reward,  and  the 
fourragere  of  the  Medaille  Militaire,  green  and  yellow, 
was  created  and  conferred  after  four  citations.  Fi- 
nally the  fourragere  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  which  is 
red,  was  created  and  conferred  after  six  or  more 
citations. 

The  military  units  that  have  won  the  fourragere 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  are:  The  Twenty-sixth 
Regiment  of  Infantry,  the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty- 
second  Regiment  of  Infantry,  the  Sixteenth  Battalion 
of  Chasseurs  a  Pied,  the  Twenty-seventh  Battalion  of 
Chasseurs  Alpins  (the  "Blue  Devils"),  the  Thirtieth 
Battalion  of  Chasseurs  a  Pied,  the  Fourth  Regiment 
of  Zouaves,  the  Fourth  Regiment  of  Zouave  Tirail- 
leurs, the  Seventh  Regiment  of  Tirailleurs,  the 
Eighth  Regiment  of  Zouaves  (Morocco  Division), 
the  Second  Regiment  of  Tirailleurs,  the  Third  Regi- 
ment of  Zouaves,  the  Forty-third  Regiment  of  Colonial 
Infantry,  and  the  Battalion  of  Marine  Infantry. 

Altho  Napoleon,  then  First  Consul,  created  the 
Legion  of  Honor  under  decree  of  May  4,  1802,  it  was 
not  until  July  15,  1804,  that  the  first  appointments  to 
the  Order  were  made.  At  that  time  it  was  provided 
that  only  six  thousand  could  be  admitted. 

Louis  the  Eighteenth,  by  charter  dated  June  4, 
1 814,  continued  the  Legion  of  Honor,  but  changed 

C763 


PRIVILEGES  AND  OBLIGATIONS 

upon  the  decoration  itself  the  effigy  of  Napoleon  for 
that  of  Henry  the  Fourth.  The  inscriptions  were 
also  changed  to  read  on  one  side,  "Henri  IV,  Roi  de 
France  et  de  Navarre,"  and  on  the  other,  "Honneur 
et  Patrie"  around  three  fleurs-de-lis. 

Upon  his  return  from  Elba,  Napoleon  annulled  all 
appointments  not  countersigned  by  Count  Lacepede, 
his  appointee  as  Grand  Chancellor,  and  rescinded 
all  the  changes  made  by  Louis  the  Eighteenth.  Louis 
the  Eighteenth,  restored  to  power,  in  turn  annulled 
everything  done  by  Napoleon  during  the  Hundred 
Days. 

Under  Louis-Philippe,  the  Cross  retained  the 
effigy  of  Henry  the  Fourth,  but  under  the  Second 
Republic  it  was  again  modified.  It  remained  un- 
changed until  the  Second  Empire,  when  another 
alteration  was  made  (March,  1852),  but  it  was  once 
more  restored  to  its  Republican  form  with  the  coming 
of  the  Third  Republic  (October,  1870).  Since  then 
it  has  undergone  no  further  changes. 

The  latest  law  regulating  the  distribution  of  Legion 
of  Honor  crosses  (July  14,  1923)  places  within  the 
yearly  disposal  of  the  various  members  of  the  Cabinet 
the  following:  Minister  of  War,  1,000  crosses  of 
Chevalier,  329  crosses  of  Officer,  77  crosses  of  Com- 
mander, and  15  crosses  of  Grand  Officer.  The 
Minister  of  the  Navy  has  at  his  disposal  yearly  1 2 1 
crosses  of  Chevalier,  56  crosses  of  Officer,  15  of  Com- 

C773 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

mander,  and  3  of  Grand  Officer.  The  Minister  of 
Colonies  has  but  4  crosses  of  Chevalier  to  give,  and 
one  cross  of  Officer.  Twice  in  five  years  he  can  award 
a  cross  of  Commander,  and  once  every  five  years  a 
cross  of  Grand  Officer.  AH  these  are  for  distribution 
among  active  members  of  the  army  and  navy  and 
carry  with  them  a  yearly  grant  of  money  which 
ranges  from  250  francs  for  Chevaliers  to  3,000  francs 
for  Grand  Crosses. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  decorations  without 
pension  are  available  yearly  upon  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  various  ministers  as  follows : 

Ministry  Commander    Officer    Chevalier 

Interior 4  31  170 

Colonies 3  20  1 20 

Public  Instruction  and  Fine  Arts  7  30  155 

Grand  Chancellery 6  24  120 

Foreign  Affairs 7  30  140 

Justice 6  30  140 

War 2  12  75 

Public  Works 5  25  135 

Posts,TeIegraphs  and  Aeronautics  2  13  85 

Merchant  Marine  and  Navy  ...  2  13  70 

Technical  Education 1  6  35 

Commerce  and  Industry 4  25  145 

Agriculture  and  Labor 6  36  195 

Hygiene  and  Social  Service 2  13  75 

Pensions  and  Liberated  Regions  12  80 

The  Council  of  Ministers  also  may  collectively 
award  each  year  two  Grand  Crosses,  ten  crosses  of 
Grand  Officer  without  pension,  and  two  Grand 
Crosses  with  pension. 

C78: 


THE    HOME    OF    THE    LEGION 

Home  of  the  Grand  Chancellery  —  Palace  de  Salm, 
one  of  the  finest  examples  of  corinthian  archi- 
TECTURE —  Copy  erected  by  French  Government  at 
San  Francisco  as  Exposition  Building  and  now  re- 
built IN  PERMANENT  FORM  AS  Art  MUSEUM DESCRIP- 
tion of  interior  —  new  museum  building  erected  in 
i923  largely  through  generosity  of  american 
Legionnaires. 


C793 


THE  HOME  OF  THE  LEGION 

HE  very  handsome  edifice  which  houses 
the  Grand  Chancellery  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  was  constructed  in  1782- 1787  for 
the  Prince  Salm-Kyrbourg  from  plans  of 
the  famous  architect  Rousseau.  It  was  purchased  on 
May  3,  1804,  by  the  First  Grand  Chancellor  of  the 
Order  acting  upon  instructions  received  from  the 
First  Consul.  It  was  partly  destroyed  in  May,  1871, 
by  an  incendiary  mob  during  the  Commune,  but  a 
subscription  begun  in  June  of  the  same  year,  and 
headed  by  President  Thiers  with  a  donation  of  2,000 
francs,  permitted  its  reconstruction  in  1878.  The  sum 
raised  by  this  public  subscription  amounted  to 
1,625,599  francs. 

The  palace  faces  upon  the  Quai  d'Orsay  with  wings 
and  dependencies  on  Rue  de  Lille,  Rue  de  Solferino, 
and  Rue  de  Bellechasse.  The  rotunda,  with  its 
crown  of  statues  and  its  bas-reliefs  and  busts,  is  of 
the  purest  Corinthian  order,  and  with  the  Arc  de 
Triomphe  and  the  portico  and  colonnades  of  the 
Court  of  Honor,  constitutes  one  of  the  finest  and  most 
decorative  pieces  of  architecture  in  Paris.  A  wing 
facing  on  Rue  de  Solferino  contains  the  offices  and 

C80 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

archives  of  the  Order  and  a  newer  and  more  modern 
construction,  built  in  1923,  faces  on  Rue  de  Belle- 
chasse  and  houses  the  museum  of  the  Order. 

The  Palace  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  considered 
so  perfect  architecturally  that  the  French  Govern- 
ment erected  a  replica  of  it  to  house  the  exhibits  of 
France  at  the  International  Exposition  of  1915  held 
in  San  Francisco.  This  building,  of  flimsy  construc- 
tion, as  all  temporary  exposition  buildings  are,  was 
reconstructed  in  permanent  material  on  the  outskirts 
of  San  Francisco,  on  grounds  donated  by  the  city 
and  is  now  a  permanent  museum  of  art  devoted  prin- 
cipally to  the  exhibition  of  the  works  of  French  artists. 
This  was  accomplished  through  the  generosity  of  a 
lover  of  France,  Mrs.  Alma  de  Bretteville  Spreckels, 
who  was  decorated  with  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  in  1924. 

In  the  salons  of  the  former  Salm  Palace  Madame 
de  Stael  and  Benjamin  Constant  held  sway  during  the 
Directoire,  and  Lacepede  received  with  pomp  and 
circumstance  during  the  Empire.  One  of  the  notable 
works  of  art  in  these  salons  is  an  Aubusson  carpet  in 
which  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  is  pictured, 
and,  radiating  from  it,  sixteen  emblematical  attributes 
representing  the  original  sixteen  cohorts  of  the 
Legion.  One  of  the  salons  is  decorated  with  the 
portraits  of  Past  Grand  Chancellors,  and  the  in- 
terior throughout  is  decorated  in  a  majestic  manner 

c'823 


THE  HOME  OF  THE   LEGION 

with  allegorical  paintings  representing  the  origin  and 

history  of  the  Order. 

In  the  grand  salon  of  the  palace  there  is  a  frieze 

made  up  of  a  series  of  portraits  of  former  Grand 

Chancellors  in  oval  frames  and  a  full  length  likeness 

of  Bonaparte  as  First  Consul,  painted  by  Yvon.    He 

is  shown  in  the  consular  uniform,  a  red  long-skirted 

coat    with    gold    braid    and    gold    buttons,    white 

breeches  and  cuff  boots.     He  holds  the  Napoleonic 

black  chapeau  under  his  arm,  and  his  right  hand 

rests  upon  the  Livre  d'Or  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 

outspread  on  a  £able  at  his  side.     His  hair  is  worn 

long,   and  a  black  choker-scarf  circles   his   throat. 

Among  the  Grand  Chancellors  portrayed  are: 

Count  Lacepede  (1803-18 14). 

Marshal  Macdonald,  Duke  of  Tarente  (18 15- 183 1). 

Marshal  Mortier,  Duke  de  Trevise  (1 831-1836). 

Marshal  Gerard  (1836- 1839). 

Marshal  Count  Exelmans  (1 849-1 851). 

General  Count  d'Ornano  (1 851-1853). 

General  Lebrun,  Duke  de  Plaisance  (1 853-1859). 

General  Pelissier,  Duke  de  Malakoff  (1859- 1860). 

Admiral  Hamelin  (i860- 1864). 

General  Count  de  Flahaut  (1 864-1 871). 

General  Vinoy  (1 871- 1880). 

General  Faidherbe  (1880- 1889). 

General  Fevrier  (1 889-1 895). 

General  Davout,  Duke  dAuerstaedt  (1 895-1901). 

General  Dubail  (185 1-       ). 

The  room  under  the  rotunda  is  royally  furnished 
and  decorated.     Large  bays,  in  which  are  set  full- 

C83  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

length  mirrors,  alternate  with  low-relief  Louis  XVI 
panels,  and  a  monumental  crystal  chandelier  descends 
from  the  center  of  the  cupola. 

The  rectangular  site  occupied  by  the  Palace  and 
its  dependencies  is  laid  out  so  that  the  main  entrance 
is  on  Rue  de  Lille,  where  a  graceful  Ionic  colonnade 
flanks  a  triumphal  arch  of  noble  proportions  and  is 
continued  on  lateral  wings  which  enclose  an  inner 
court  set  out  as  a  formal  garden.  On  the  same  axis 
with  the  Arc  de  Triomphe  is  a  Greek  portico  sup- 
ported on  six  graceful  columns,  on  which  is  inscribed 
the  motto  of  the  Order,  "Honneur  et  Patrie.,,  The 
rotunda  facing  the  Seine  is  thus  only  the  rear  of  the 
Palace,  yet  its  proportions  are  so  graceful  and  its 
silhouette  so  beautiful  that  it  is  considered  the  most 
important  facade,  architecturally  speaking.  It  is  set 
back  from  the  Quai,  and  a  marble  balustrade,  behind 
which  is  a  thick  hedge  of  shrubbery,  shuts  it  off  in 
part  from  the  view  of  the  profane. 

The  wing  which  faces  on  Rue  de  Solferino  is 
not  particularly  notable  and  is  affected  to  the  utili- 
tarian purpose  of  housing  the  offices  of  the  Grand 
Chancellor,  the  archives  of  the  Order,  and  the 
Council  Chamber,  where  the  meetings  of  the  Council 
of  the  Order  are  held.  The  archives  are  un- 
fortunately not  complete,  due  to  the  incendiary 
fire  which  destroyed  the  palace  in  1 87 1 .  An  attempt 
has  been  made  to  reconstruct  them  through  duplicates 

C84] 


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THE  HOME  OF  THE  LEGION 

kept  in  the  files  of  the  War  Department  and  the 
Ministry  of  Fine  Arts.  Thanks  to  the  happy 
circumstance  that  a  number  of  original  documents 
had  been  transported  to  the  Invalides  for  safe- 
keeping because  the  Grand  Chancellery  lacked  the 
room  to  store  them,  this  has  been  in  part  accom- 
plished. 

Originally  the  archives  contained  the  historical 
record  of  every  Legionnaire.  These  official  biog- 
raphies formed  the  text  of  a  general  funeral  oration 
read  at  the  annual  executive  session  of  the  Grand 
Council  of  the  Order,  in  which  the  memory  of  the 
Legionnaires  who  had  died  within  the  year  was 
eulogized.  It  had  been  the  intention  of  Count 
Lacepede  to  publish  the  history  of  the  Legionnaires 
from  these  personal  records,  and  880  files  had  been 
assembled  covering  the  period  of  the  First  Empire 
alone.  In  1828  there  had  been  assembled  nearly 
200,000  dossiers,  and  in  1871,  152  files  and  50 
volumes  of  records  had  been  collected.  These  records 
were  completely  destroyed,  and  the  new  material  now 
assembled  is  complete  only  for  the  period  from  1871 
to  date. 

The  data  reconstructed  through  duplicates,  etc., 
cover  the  period  1802  to  1814,  but  with  many  items 
missing.  There  are  duplicates  of  correspondence 
covering  the  operations  of  the  educational  institu- 
tions of  the  Order  and  legal  and  other  documents 

L853 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

covering  the  administration  of  the  cohorts  during  the 
brief  period  of  their  existence. 

The  latest  addition  to  the  Legion  of  Honor  Palace 
is  the  east  wing,  constructed  on  the  Rue  de  Belle- 
chasse  frontage.  In  this  are  housed  the  collection 
of  the  recently  created  museum  of  the  Order.  Of 
particular  interest  to  Americans  is  the  room  reserved 
for  relics  of  the  American  War  of  Independence,  and 
for  mementoes  of  American  participation  in  the 
World  War.  This  setting  aside  of  a  special  room  for 
exhibits  of  American  significance  is  in  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  fact  that  most  of  the  funds  contributed 
in  response  to  the  appeal  of  General  Dubail,  present 
Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion,  for  the  construction 
of  the  museum  were  contributed  by  Americans. 

The  Grand  Chancellery  had  received  gifts  of 
medals  and  relics  in  19 12  and  later  from  the  Marquis 
de  Champreux,  the  Marquis  de  Beauchamp  and  the 
Count  DuchafFauIt;  but  the  bequest  in  1921  of  twelve 
thousand  objects,  all  pertaining  to  French  Royal,  or 
National,  orders  and  constituting  the  collection  of 
Maurice  Bucquet,  found  the  salons  of  the  Chancellery 
too  small  for  a  proper  display  of  these  treasures,  and 
the  construction  of  a  separate  building  for  them  was 
judged  necessary.  A  circular  letter  was  addressed  by 
General  Dubail  to  all  the  members  of  the  Legion  in 
July,  1 92 1,  suggesting  that  the  Legionnaires  defray 
the  cost  of  erecting  this  museum,  as  the  Legionnaires 

C863 


THE  HOME  OF  THE  LEGION 

of  1 87 1  had  defrayed  the  cost  of  rebuilding  the 
Chancellery  destroyed  by  fire.  This  appeal,  however, 
found  the  French  Legionnaires  in  impoverished  cir- 
cumstances and  ill  prepared  to  respond.  Fortunately, 
the  American  Legionnaires  were  able  and  eager  to  con- 
tribute, and  at  once  large  sums  were  subscribed  by 
them  and  the  subscription  lists  closed.  Among  the 
Americans  first  to  answer  the  call  of  General  Dubail 
were  Mrs.  A.  de  Bretteville  Spreckels,  A.  C.  Gurnee, 
Eugene  Higgins,  and  an  anonymous  contributor 
whose  identity  has  not  yet  been  revealed,  and  who 
donated  the  handsome  sum  of  250,000  francs.  This 
beau  geste  was  surpassed,  however,  by  the  gift  of 
more  than  a  million  francs  contributed  by  William 
Nelson  Cromwell.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward  Tuck  and 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  Blumenthal  have  become 
regular  contributors  towards  its  support. 

The  museum  was  inaugurated  in  March,  1925,  by 
President  Doumergue  in  the  presence  of  a  full-dress 
array  of  the  Marshals  of  France.  It  is  a  chaste 
edifice,  harmonizing  with  the  classical  note  of  the 
Salm  Palace,  with  a  facade  of  balconied  windows 
disposed  on  either  side  of  a  central  arched  door. 
Separating  the  high-ceilinged  first  floor  from  a  less 
generously  proportioned  upper  story  are  carved 
panels  in  high  relief  framing  each  window  opening. 
These  are  the  work  of  the  sculptor  Moreau  Vauthier 
and  represent  the  various  orders  of  chivalry  and  the 

C87: 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

royal  and  national  orders  that  prevailed  at  some  time 
or  other  in  French  history.  Among  the  orders  used 
as  decorative  motifs  are  the  Legion  of  Honor  itself, 
the  cross  of  Saint  Louis,  those  of  Saint  Michel,  Saint 
Esprit,  St.  Lazare  and  Mount  Carmel,  the  Croix  de 
Guerre,  the  Medaille  Militaire,  and  the  insignia  of 
the  Order  of  the  Cincinnati. 

In  the  vestibule,  facing  the  entrance,  is  a  monu- 
mental bas-relief  by  Bouchard  picturing  a  draped 
female  figure  impersonating  Glory  rising  above  a 
lower  panel  in  which  are  represented  warriors  who 

"...  under  the  evening  sky 
Upon  a  fought  field  stricken  lie." 

Below  is  the  inscription:  "Aux  Legionnaires  Fran- 
cais  et  Etrangers  Morts  Pour  Ie  Droit  et  la  Civilisa- 
tion." 

To  the  left  of  the  vestibule  is  the  room  devoted  to 
the  ancient  orders  of  chivalry  which  preceded  the 
Legion  of  Honor  in  France.  A  mural  decoration  by 
Georges  Picard,  who  painted  many  of  the  ceilings  of 
the  Paris  Hotel  de  Ville,  incorporates  all  these  orders 
in  a  symbolic  decoration.  A  large  canvas  by  Van  Loo 
portrays  Henry  III  instituting  the  Order  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  Another  by  Francois  de  Troy  represents 
Henry  IV  presiding  over  a  council  of  this  same  order 
held  in  1595.  Here  is  displayed  the  faded  blue  ribbon 
of  the  Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost  worn  by  Louis  XVI 

C883 


THE  ROTUNDA,  PALACE  OF  THE  LEGION  OF  HONOR 


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THE  HOME  OF  THE  LEGION 

in  prison;  also  the  death  mask  of  Henry  IV  taken 
184  years  after  his  death,  when  the  royal  tombs 
in  St.  Denis  were  broken  open. 

The  room  to  the  right  of  the  vestibule  is  devoted 
to  the  Napoleonic  period,  and  here  are  displayed  the 
portrait  of  Bonaparte  by  Ingres  and  the  painting  by 
Yvon  from  the  original  by  Gros  showing  Napoleon 
decorating  some  of  the  artists  of  the  Salon  of  1808. 
Among  the  relics  are  the  Emperor's  riding-whip  and 
swords  of  honor  awarded  before  the  institution  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Opening  off  the  Napoleonic  room  is  the  American 
room,  in  which  we  find  a  large  portrait  of  Washington 
by  Healy,  busts  of  La  Fayette,  Franklin,  Jefferson, 
Lincoln  and  various  documents  and  prints  relating 
to  the  American  Revolution.  One  of  the  walls  is 
occupied  by  the  cartons  for  tapestry  painted  by 
Casanova  upon  the  order  of  Louis  XVI  and  picturing 
scenes  in  the  American  War  of  Independence.  One 
panel  represents  the  surrender  of  "  Yorck  Tonn." 

Above  these  more  important  salles  is  the  room 
devoted  to  the  pictorializing  of  the  recent  war  and 
particularly  of  the  participation  in  it  of  the  United 
States.  Here  are  exhibited  the  one  hundred  and 
four  pastels  by  Burnand  portraying  the  various  types 
of  soldiers  of  the  Allied  Armies  and  presented  to  the 
museum  by  Mr.  Cromwell.  Portraits  of  General 
Pershing,    General    Harbord,    and   other   American 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

figures  of  the  World  War  by  Bouchor  are  also  in 
evidence.  The  bust  of  William  Nelson  Cromwell  by 
Segoffin  occupies  a  place  of  honor  in  appreciation  of 
the  part  played  by  Mr.  Cromwell  in  making  possible 
the  realization  of  General  DubaiPs  idea  of  a  Legion 
of  Honor  Museum. 


Coon 


VI 

CHANGES    IN    THE    INSIGNIA 

Insignia  of  the  various  grades  and  chronological 
alterations  —  The  Collier  and  some  of  its  wearers  — 
Orders  created  by  Napoleon  for  Italy  and  Holland  — 
The  Order  of  the  Three  Golden  Fleeces  —  Orders 

CREATED  BY  THE  BROTHERS  OF  NAPOLEON The  LeGION 

of  Honor  alone  to  survive. 


C913 


f  vy 


CHANGES  IN  THE  PLAQUES  UNDER  DIFFERENT 
GOVERNMENTS 


lES&rf&SS^ 

&BS 

VI 

CHANGES  IN  THE  INSIGNIA 

HE  Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  com- 
prises eight  different  forms  of  insignia- 
First,  the  cross  of  Chevalier,  in  silver, 
created  by  decree  of  the  eleventh  of  July, 
1804;  second,  the  cross  of  Officer,  in  gold,  created  on 
the  same  date;  third,  the  cross  worn  around  the  neck, 
created  by  decree  of  June  21,  18 14,  and  then  intended 
for  the  Grand  Officers  (they  were  subsequently  at- 
tributed to  the  Commanders  by  a  special  ordinance 
of  July  19,  1 8 14);  fourth,  the  Grand  Crosses,  in  gold, 
validated  by  decree  of  January  30,  1805;  fifth,  the 
plaques,  first  embroidered  over  the  left  breast  of  the 
coat  and  now  of  silver,  validated  by  the  same  1 805  de- 
cree; sixth,  a  larger  plaque,  no  longer  in  use,  but 
originally  embroidered  upon  the  outer  coat,  and  de- 
signed to  accompany  the  Grand  Cordon;  seventh,  a 
small  plaque,  first  embroidered  and  now  in  silver, 
created  for  the  Grand  Officers  and  intended  for  wear 
on  the  right  side  of  the  coat  (discontinued  in  1852); 
and  eighth,  the  Collier,  a  golden  link-chain  made  of 
joined  medallions  somewhat  in  the  manner  of  the 
Collier  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

C93  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

During  the  period  July  5,  1804,  to  November  8, 
1870,  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  subject 
to  eight  official  changes  based  upon  special  decrees. 
Four  other  forms  widely  circulated  have  been  recog- 
nized, altho  not  justified  by  official  ordinance  or 
decree.  Among  numismatists,  however,  there  are 
other  variations,  due  to  the  imagination,  or  fancy, 
of  individual  goldsmiths  and  these  remain  in  collec- 
tions as  curios. 

During  the  First  Empire,  the  official  type  of  the 
cross  was  from  a  design  by  B.  Andrieu  and  L.  Jaley 
which  was  struck  off  at  the  mint  in  Paris.  It  was  a 
star  of  five  double  rays  of  white  enamel,  the  center 
encircled  by  a  crown  of  oak  and  laurel,  within  which, 
on  one  side,  was  the  profile  of  the  Emperor,  and  on 
the  other  the  imperial  eagle  hurling  thunderbolts. 
The  inscriptions  were:  on  one  side,  "Napoleon  Em- 
pereur  des  Fran$ais"  and  on  the  other  "Honneur  et 
Patrie."  As  nothing  was  said  about  the  points  of 
the  star,  certain  goldsmiths  made  a  departure  by 
tipping  each  point  with  a  small  round  button.  Some 
crosses  are  also  surmounted  by  a  crown,  and  this 
crown  affects  many  variations.  As  a  general  thing, 
however,  the  Napoleonic  crosses  have  sharp  rays  with 
the  points  untipped.  A  study  of  prints  and  paintings 
of  the  period  shows  that  the  crosses  with  rounded  tips 
made  their  appearance  in  1806.  The  portrait  of 
Jerome  Bonaparte  by  Gros,  that  of  Marshal  Berthier 

C943 


CHANGES   IN  THE   INSIGNIA 

by  Pajou,  and  a  wash-drawing  by  Isabey  showing 
the  Emperor  and  Josephine  visiting  the  Jouy  factory 
in  1806,  distinctly  represent  the  cross  with  the  rays 
round-tipped. 

The  cross  surmounted  by  the  crown  also  dates  back 
to  1806,  but  Legionnaires  decorated  before  that  date 
(14th  of  April,  1806)  continued  to  wear  their  crosses 
with  sharp  points  and  without  the  crown.  There 
are  many  variations  in  the  design  of  the  crown,  some 
showing  twelve  narrow  faces  and  others  only  eight. 

Upon  the  departure  of  Napoleon  for  Elba,  a  royal 
ordinance  decreed  that  the  cross  thereafter  would 
bear  on  one  side  the  effigy  of  Henry  IV  and  on  the 
other  the  three  royal  fleurs-de-lis.  The  supporting 
crown  is  made  up  of  eight  fleurs-de-lis.  The  change 
in  the  plaque  for  Grand  Crosses  consisted  of  substi- 
tuting the  three  fleurs-de-lis  for  the  imperial  eagle. 
AH  the  changes  of  this  period,  however,  were  nullified 
by  Napoleon  through  a  decree  issued  on  March  13, 
1 8 14,  on  his  march  to  Paris.  After  Waterloo  and  the 
final  abdication,  the  fleurs-de-lis  and  the  profile  of 
Henry  IV  reappeared  and  remained  in  force  until 
1830.  In  that  year  Louis-Philippe,  by  ordinance 
dated  August  13,  removed  the  fleurs-de-lis  and  sub- 
stituted therefor  the  motto  "Honneur  et  Patrie"  in 
the  center  of  the  reverse  medallion.  Another  change 
in  the  plaque  substituted,  between  the  rays,  minia- 
ture flags  showing  the  three  colors.     Shortly  there- 

C95H 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

after  the  decoration  underwent  another  change,  the 
reverse  medallion  showing  two  crossed  tricolor  flags 
and  the  crown  no  longer  appearing  atop  the  cross. 

Again,  in  September,  1848,  Henry  IV  disappeared 
to  be  replaced  by  the  profile  of  Bonaparte  with  the 
inscription  "  Bonaparte  Premier  Consul  19  Mai  1802," 
and  the  two  tricolor  flags  on  the  reverse  were  flanked 
with  the  inscription  "Republique  Francaise." 

On  December  31,  1851,  the  flags  disappeared,  to 
be  replaced  by  the  imperial  eagle;  and  on  March  16, 
1852,  Napoleon  the  Third  restored  the  cross  to  its 
original  form,  which  was  maintained  during  the 
whole  of  the  second  Empire. 

.With  the  coming  of  the  Republic  in  1870,  the 
decoration  assumed  its  present  form,  a  cross  of  five 
double  rays  of  white  enamel  with  the  tips  pointed, 
surmounted  by  a  crown  of  oak  and  laurel.  The 
center  medallion,  circled  by  oak  and  laurel  leaves, 
shows  the  profile  head  of  the  Republic  with  the 
inscription  "Republique  Francaise  1870,"  while  the 
reverse  medallion  shows  the  two  tricolor  flags  crossed 
and  the  inscription  "Honneur  et  Patrie." 

One  form  of  insignia  has  now  become  a  museum 
piece  and  was  never  worn  save  by  Napoleon  himself 
and  a  few  high  dignitaries  of  the  First  Empire,  and 
then  only  for  a  short  time.  This  is  the  Collier  of  the 
Order  designed  by  Biennais  for  the  coronation  of 
Napoleon  (December  2,  1804)  and  worn  by  him,  and 

C96J 


NAPOLEON  S  GRAND  COLLIER 
A  Gem  of  the  Goldsmith's  Art,  now  Preserved  in  the  Invalides 


ORIGINAL  DRAWING  FOR  THE  GRAND  COLLIER 
The  1 88 1  Model 


CHANGES  IN  THE   INSIGNIA 

the  princes  whom  he  had  just  created,  at  that  splen- 
did ceremony.  This  is  a  gold  chain  composed  of 
sixteen  medallions  linked  together  by  sixteen  golden 
eagles  and  joined  at  the  bottom  to  a  wreath  of 
laurel  enclosing  the  imperial  initial.  To  this  Collier 
is  suspended  the  cross  of  the  Legion  surmounted  by 
the  imperial  crown.  The  sixteen  medallions,  this 
number  representing  the  sixteen  original  cohorts,  are 
emblematical  of  Geography,  Navy,  Architecture,  Fine 
Arts,  Archeology,  Physics,  Music,  Medicine,  Litera- 
ture, Geometry,  Chemistry,  Commerce,  Agriculture, 
Infantry,  Cavalry,  and  Artillery.  Two  narrow  chains 
linked  laterally  to  these  medallions,  composed  of 
links  in  which  bees  alternate  with  stars,  form  an 
outer  and  inner  edge  to  the  Collier.  This  Collier  was 
the  gift  of  the  City  of  Paris  to  Napoleon,  and  was 
bequeathed  by  him  to  his  brother  Joseph,  who,  in 
1843,  donated  it  to  the  Invalides,  where  it  is  now 
kept. 

In  1 88 1  a  variation  of  this  Collier  was  wrought  by 
Lemoine  for  the  then  Grand  Master  of  the  Order, 
President  Grevy.  In  this  model  the  eagles  are  re- 
placed by  a  lace-like  monogram  formed  by  the  let- 
ters "R  F"  (Republique  Francaise).  The  imperial 
bees  are  also  absent,  being  replaced  by  miniature 
fasces,  the  Roman  emblem  of  union.  The  imperial 
"N"  gives  way  to  the  letters  "R  F"  and  the  cross 
itself  bears  the  effigy  of  the  Republic  instead  of  that 

r.973 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

of  Napoleon.  Theoretically  this  insignia  is  the  ap- 
panage of  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Order,  who  is 
invariably  the  Chief  of  the  State.  One  of  the  acts  in 
the  ceremony  of  inauguration  of  the  President  of 
the  Republic  is  the  presentation  to  him  of  this  Collier 
by  the  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Order.  It  is  said 
that  Napoleon  the  Third  wore  the  Collier  on  state 
occasions,  but  there  is  no  example  of  a  President 
having  displayed  any  other  insignia  than  those  of 
the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order. 

There  are  a  number  of  paintings  and  sculptures 
preserved  in  various  museums  which  show  Napoleon 
wearing  the  Collier.  In  the  painting  by  Ingres  the 
Collier  seems  to  be  studded  with  diamonds. 

In  the  museum  at  Versailles  are  many  paintings  of 
a  historical  character  which  permit  us  to  reestablish 
a  list  of  those  upon  whom  Napoleon  conferred  the 
Collier.  These  are :  Joseph  Bonaparte,  King  of  Spain 
and  brother  of  the  Emperor;  Louis  Bonaparte,  King 
of  Holland,  also  a  brother  of  the  Emperor;  Jerome 
Bonaparte,  King  of  Westphalia,  also  a  brother  of 
Napoleon;  Joachim  Murat,  King  of  Naples  and 
brother-in-law  of  Napoleon;  Prince  Camille  Bor- 
ghese,  brother-in-law  of  the  Emperor;  Eugene  de 
Beauharnais,  viceroy  of  Italy,  adopted  son  of  Na- 
poleon; Charles-Louis-Frederick,  Grand  Duke  of 
Baden,  who  married  Stephanie-Louise-Adrienne  de 
Beauharnais,  adopted  daughter  of  Napoleon;  Cam- 


CHANGES   IN  THE   INSIGNIA 

baceres,  Duke  of  Parma  and  Arch-Chancellor  of  the 
Empire;  and  Charles  Francois  Lebrun,  Duke  of 
Plaisance  and  Arch-Treasurer  of  the  Empire. 

In  the  famous  painting  by  David  picturing  the 
coronation  of  Napoleon  by  the  Pope  in  Notre  Dame 
Cathedral,  now  preserved  in  the  Louvre,  the  Collier 
may  be  seen  on  the  Emperor,  on  his  two  brothers, 
Joseph  and  Louis,  and  upon  Cambaceres.  There  is 
also  pictorial  evidence  that  the  infant  King  of  Rome 
wore  the  Collier,  as  did  Felix  Bacciochi,  brother-in- 
law  of  the  Emperor;  Cardinal  Fesch,  uncle  of  the 
Emperor;  Marshal  Berthier,  and  Talleyrand. 

The  plaques,  which  are  now  entirely  of  silver,  were 
for  a  long  time  embroidered  in  silk  upon  the  coat  or 
cloak  of  the  titular.  From  1805  until  the  end  of  the 
empire  the  metal  plaque  was  very  little  used.  It  was 
not  until  the  Restoration  that  the  silver  plaque  came 
into  favor,  some,  however,  participating  of  both  the 
metal  and  the  embroidery.  Sometimes  the  center  is 
of  metal,  silver  or  gold,  and  the  rays  of  the  star 
embroidered.  Occasionally  the  rays  of  the  star  are 
diamond-studded.  Altogether  twenty  variations  of 
the  plaque  are  known  and  ten  of  the  Collier. 

After  his  coronation  as  King  of  Italy  at  Milan,  in 
May,  1805,  Napoleon  created  an  order  and  decoration 
which  he  intended  to  be  the  equivalent  for  Italy  of 
what  the  Legion  of  Honor  had  already  become  for 
France.     This  order,  called  the  Order  of  the  Iron 

C993 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

Crown,  had  for  its  insignia  the  crown  of  Lombardy 
surmounted  by  an  eagle.  The  legend  "God  Gave 
It  Me;  Beware  Who  Touches  It"  was  inscribed  below 
the  crown.  This  inscription,  originally  in  French,  was 
soon  replaced  by  its  Italian  translation.  Those  ad- 
mitted into  the  Order  swore  to  devote  themselves  to 
"the  defense  of  the  King,  the  Crown,  and  the  integrity 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy  and  the  glory  of  its  founder." 

After  Wagram,  Napoleon  contemplated  the  crea- 
tion of  another  order  which  would  symbolize  the 
conquest  by  his  eagles  of  the  Golden  Fleeces  of  Spain 
and  Germany.  It  was  to  be  called  the  Order  of  the 
Three  Golden  Fleeces,  and  the  insignia  were  to  show 
the  Napoleonic  eagle  holding  in  its  talons  on  one 
side  the  Spanish  and  on  the  other  the  German  fleece. 
A  third  fleece,  symbolizing  France,  would  be  held  in 
the  eagle's  beak.  The  decree  creating  this  order  was 
signed  by  him  at  Schonbrunn  in  August,  1809,  and 
provided  for  its  awarding  solely  as  a  military  medal. 
Such  was  the  opposition,  however,  by  the  men  in 
Napoleon 's  armies  already  decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honor  to  the  institution  of  an  order  likely  to  dim 
the  luster  of  the  "Croix  des  Braves,"  that  Napoleon 
reconsidered  the  matter  and  abolished  the  order  in 
181 3  before  any  nominations  had  been  made  or 
insignia  created. 

Holland  having  become  part  and  parcel  of  the 
French  Empire,  Napoleon  continued  the  order  and 

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OFFICIAL  MINUTES  OF  THE  CEREMONY  OF  INVESTITURE  OF  PRESIDENT 
DOUMERGUE  AS  GRAND  MASTER  OF  THE  LEGION  OF  HONOR 


CHANGES  IN  THE  INSIGNIA 

decoration  created  by  his  brother  Louis,  King  of 
Holland,  known  as  the  Royal  Order  of  Union,  and  in 
October,  1 8 1 1 ,  renamed  it  the  Order  of  Reunion.  The 
insignia  was  a  gold  star  with  twelve  rays  and  thirty 
arrows  radiating  from  a  circle  in  which  appeared  a 
throne  supported  by  two  lions;  above  the  lions  the 
imperial  eagle  was  shown  with  wings  extended.  The 
reverse  of  this  circle  contained  the  letter  "N"  within 
a  wreath  of  laurel.  The  star  was  surmounted  by  an 
imperial  crown  with  the  word  " Napoleon* '  inscribed 
thereon.  The  inscriptions  around  the  center  medal- 
lion were  "Forever"  and  "Everything  for  the 
Empire."  The  order  had  a  brief  duration,  its  life 
being  ended  by  a  royal  ordinance  dated  July  28,  181 5. 

The  various  brothers  of  Napoleon,  upon  their 
elevation  as  kings,  instituted  orders  of  their  own  as 
means  for  rewarding  the  loyalty  and  distinguished 
services  of  their  respective  subjects.  Louis  Napoleon, 
King  of  Holland,  created  the  Order  of  Union  and  the 
Royal  Order  of  Merit.  Joseph  Napoleon,  King  of 
Naples,  created  the  Order  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 
Jerome  Napoleon,  King  of  Westphalia,  created  the 
Order  of  the  Crown  (of  Westphalia),  and  Joseph, 
progressing  from  King  of  Naples  to  King  of  Spain, 
created  the  Royal  Order  of  Spain. 

With  the  collapse  of  the  Empire  and  the  eclipse  of 
Napoleon  all  these  newly-made  decorations  dis- 
appeared.    The  Legion  of  Honor,   however,  sym- 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

bolized  too  many  acts  of  heroism  to  share  in  the 
general  obliteration  of  everything  that  recalled  the 
fateful  reign  of  Bonaparte.  The  kingly  orders  of 
Saint  John  and  Saint  Lazarus,  of  Saint  Michel  and 
of  the  Holy  Ghost,  of  Mount  Carmel  and  of  Saint 
Louis,  have  all  disappeared.  They  were  marks  of 
favor  conferred  by  the  sovereign  as  a  reward  for 
personal  service  rendered  by  subjects  picked  from 
among  a  special  class,  the  nobles.  The  Legion  of 
Honor  has  endured  because  it  represents  not  personal 
service  rendered  to  the  particular  ruler  but  service 
rendered  to  the  State  or  to  Humanity  at  large.  It 
has  survived  because  it  is  universally  recognized  as 
a  reward  of  merit  to  which  all  may  aspire.  In  a  re- 
public where  titles  are  not  known  it  constitutes  a 
peerage  of  talents,  virtues,  and  patriotism  for  youth 
to  admire,  respect,  and  imitate. 


Do2:i 


VII 
FOREIGNERS     IN    THE    LEGION 

Progressive  increase  in  the  number  of  Legionnaires 

—  Special  legislation  during  the  World  War  making 
number  eligible  to  award  unlimited  —  Distribution 
to  foreigners  —  Privileges  enjoyed  by  foreign 
Legionnaires  —  Statistics  of  Legionnaires  by  Nations 

—  Variations  in   the   oath   under   changing   forms 

of  government. 


nio3n 


VII 

FOREIGNERS  IN  THE   LEGION 

HILE  the  membership  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  is  in  a  state  of  constant  flux,  owing 
to  losses  through  death  and  to  new  acces- 
sions created  by  new  appointments,  the 
enrolment  is  constantly  on  the  increase.    During  the 
World  War  special  legislation  was  passed  removing  all 
limits  from  the  number  of  crosses  which  it  would  be 
possible  to  award.     The  nominations  made  at  this 
time  were  not  validated  until  special  laws  were  passed 
in  February,  1921,  and  May,  1923,  and  it  is  not  known 
how  many  crosses  were  distributed  for  war  services, 
but  they  easily  outnumber  all  those  antedating  the 
war  period.     Even  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities, 
war  services  continued  to  form  the  basis  of  most  of 
the  awards.     In  December,  1925,  the  total  number 
of  French  Legionnaires  was  131,334.     In  July,  1926, 
this  total  had  been  swelled  to   132,438.     Of  these, 
111,168  were  Chevaliers,  18,073  Officers,  2,753  Com- 
manders, 382  Grand  Officers,  and  62  Grand  Crosses. 
In  July,  1927,  the  140,000  mark  was  passed. 
While  France  has  been  generous  in  distributing 

C1053 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

the  Legion  of  Honor  among  her  citizens,  she  has 
been  no  less  so  in  recognizing  distinguished  services 
by  citizens  of  other  countries.  It  is  estimated  that 
there  are  now  nearly  22,000  foreigners  entitled  to 
wear  the  insignia  of  the  Legion.  An  examination  of 
the  records  of  the  Grand  Chancellery  shows  that  the 
honor  has  been  conferred  upon  over  nineteen  hundred 
American  citizens. 

Among  the  foreign  Legionnaires,  British  subjects 
lead  with  an  enrolment  of  3,174.  Italy  comes  next 
with  3,157;  then  come  Russia  with  2,866,  Belgium 
with  2,682,  Spain  with  1,821,  and  Japan  with  810. 

Before  the  war  the  Legion's  roster  contained  the 
names  of  719  Austrians  and  648  Germans.  These, 
however,  were  removed  from  the  roll  of  the  Order 
during  the  war,  and  as  yet  have  not  been  reinstated. 

Probably  one  reason  why  the  United  States,  with 
over  a  hundred  million  citizens,  is  less  favored  than 
England  with  thirty-six  million  subjects  or  Belgium 
with  less  than  eight  millions,  is  found  in  the  American 
law  which  prohibits  citizens  holding  public  office  from 
accepting  foreign  decorations  without  a  special  act  of 
Congress  authorizing  such  acceptance.  This  law  was 
relaxed  to  some  extent  during  the  World  War,  and 
several  hundred  crosses  were  awarded,  not  only  to 
military  officers,  but  to  Red  Cross  officials,  diplo- 
matic agents,  and  volunteer  workers  in  ambulances 
and  works  of  relief. 

C1063 


FOREIGNERS   IN  THE  LEGION 

In  order  to  show  the  universal  recognition  which 
France  accords  to  merit  of  various  kinds  displayed  by 
other  than  Frenchmen  it  will  be  interesting  to  note 
how  the  Legion  of  Honor  is  distributed  throughout 
the  world.  In  addition  to  totals  cited  above  as 
applying  to  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Russia,  Belgium, 
United  States,  Spain,  and  Japan,  the  figures  are  as 
follows : 

Greece 697  Luxemburg 103 

Holland 686  Persia 103 

Turkey 649  Siam 98 

Sweden 636  Chile 85 

Roumania 593  Egypt 82 

Portugal 576  Canada 75 

Norway 364  Bulgaria 64 

Poland 334  Syria 63 

Switzerland 341  Morocco 61 

Argentine 175  Peru 59 

China 147  Finland 48 

Czecho-SIovakia 138  Cuba 46 

Brazil 138 

Thirty-eight  other  countries  find  a  place  on  the 
Legion's  roster.  The  little  republic  of  San  Marino 
counts  23  Legionnaires,  which,  considering  that  its 
total  population  is  12,027,  is  a  remarkable  showing. 
The  smallest  nation  on  earth,  Andorra,  whose  total 
population  is  5,231,  boasts  of  two  Legionnaires. 

Owing  to  the  destruction  of  the  records  of  the 
Grand  Chancellery  in  the  incendiary  fire  set  to  the 
palace  by  a  revolutionary  mob  during  the  Commune 

D°7  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

of  1 87 1,  it  has  been  impossible  to  ascertain  if  Na- 
poleon ever  conferred  the  Legion  of  Honor  on  an 
American  citizen.  Franklin  died  too  soon,  and 
Jefferson  would  probably  have  refused  it.  The 
opposition  about  this  time  to  the  American  Order  of 
the  Cincinnati  and  the  feeling  against  Napoleon 
created  by  his  maritime  policy  aimed  at  Great 
Britain  but  incidentally  penalizing  American  ship- 
ping, make  it  unlikely  that  the  cross  was  ever  worn 
by  an  American  during  this  early  period. 

The  most  careful  search  of  the  remaining  archives 
of  the  Order  reveals  the  fact  that  the  first  American 
carried  on  the  roster  of  the  Legion  was  Charles 
Goodyear,  who  received  the  decoration  in  recognition 
of  his  discoveries  in  the  processes  of  manufacturing 
rubber  goods,  which  goods  were  exhibited  at  the 
Paris  International  Exposition  of  1855.  Other  par- 
ticipants in  this  Exposition  decorated  were,  namely, 
Marshall  Wood,  United  States  Commissioner  to  the 
Exposition;  A.   Valentin,   Maunsell   Field. 

In  1856  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  who  is  described  as 
"American  Professor"  was  made  Chevalier.  The 
records  do  not  say  whether  Mr.  Morse  was  honored 
for  his  talent  as  an  artist  or  for  his  discoveries  in  the 
field  of  telegraphy.  Philip  Kearny,  then  a  Major 
in  the  United  States  Army,  is  the  next  on  record,  his 
appointment  dating  back  to  February  i860.  Another 
officer  in  the  U.   S.  Army  was   honored  in   1862, 

D083 


FOREIGNERS  IN  THE  LEGION 

Lieutenant  Colonel  John  Gowen.  In  1861  Francis 
Henry  Saltus  was  made  Legionnaire  in  recognition 
of  his  invention  of  a  new  process  for  making  steel 
cannon. 

The  next  group  of  Americans  to  receive  the  red 
ribbon  owed  their  distinction  to  participation  in  the 
Paris  International  Exposition  of  1867.  They  were: 
Elias  Howe  and  Charles  Rhodes  Goodwin,  manu- 
facturers of  sewing  machines,  Chickering  of  Boston 
rewarded  for  the  excellence  of  his  pianos,  and  the 
following  officials  attached  as  United  States  Com- 
missioners: former  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  John  P. 
Kennedy,  M.  Mulat,  Charles  Perkins,  Samuel  B. 
Ruggles  and  John  Laurence  Smith. 

Doctor  Evans,  the  famous  American  Dentist  who 
aided  Empress  Eugenie  to  escape  from  the  mob  at 
the  Tuileries  when  the  disaster  of  Sedan  caused  the 
fall  of  the  Second  Empire,  was  also  a  Legionnaire, 
but  his  record  of  appointment  was  lost  together  with 
those  of  many  thousands  when  the  Paris  mob  set 
fire  to  the  Grand  Chancellery  in  1871. 

Other  early  appointments  were:  Albert  Bierstadt 
(1869)  and  William  Wetmore  Story  (1878),  the  dis- 
tinguished painters,  Doctors  Emile  Brewer  and 
William  Joseph  Brewer  (1871),  Andrew  D.  White 
(1878),  Alexander  Graham  Bell  (1881),  Frederic 
Rene  Coudert  (1875),  Maitland  Armstrong  (1878), 
Thomas   Edison    (1889),   James   McNeill   Whistler 

Ci09  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

(1892),  Edwin  A.  Abbey  (1896),  and  John  S.  Sargent 
(1897).  The  aviators  Charles  A.  Lindbergh  and 
Richard  E.  Byrd  were  added  to  the  list  in  1927. 

While  foreign  Legionnaires  enjoy  the  same  prestige 
by  reason  of  the  small  bit  of  red  ribbon  in  their 
buttonholes  as  do  the  Legionnaires  of  French  nation- 
ality, they  may  not  receive  any  pension  or  monetary 
grant  such  as  is  enjoyed  by  the  majority  of  French 
Legionnaires  belonging  to  the  Army  or  Navy.  At 
the  time  when  an  oath  of  allegiance  was  required 
(previous  to  1871)  foreigners  were  exempted  from 
taking  this  oath. 

As  regards  the  honors  rendered  to  a  Legionnaire 
on  the  occasion  of  his  funeral,  no  distinction  is  made 
between  a  French  and  a  foreign  member  when  the 
latter  dies  and  is  buried  in  France.  At  the  cere- 
monies marking  the  funeral  of  the  late  Paul  Wayland 
Bartlett,  the  American  sculptor,  who  died  in  Paris 
in  1925,  a  military  escort  was  provided,  and  Mr. 
Bartlett's  cross,  displayed  on  a  small  velvet  cushion, 
was  carried  in  the  cortege  by  a  brother  Legionnaire. 

The  foreign  Legionnaires  are  also  privileged  in 
that  they  receive  their  diplomas  without  having  to 
pay  the  Chancellery  fee  demanded  of  French  mem- 
bers. Another  privilege  is  that  they  may  be  promoted 
from  one  grade  to  a  higher  grade  without  submitting 
to  the  time  limitations  of  French  members,  noted  on 
page  71.     Americans  and  other  foreign  Legionnaires 

Duo: 


FOREIGNERS  IN  THE  LEGION 

may  be  jumped  from  Chevalier  to  Commander,  and 
even  to  Grand  Officer,  without  having  had  to  pass 
through  the  various  grades.  Former  ambassadors 
Horace  Porter,  William  G.  Sharp,  Hugh  C.  Wallace, 
and  our  present  representative,  Myron  T.  Herrick, 
are  Grand  Crosses  without  having  had  to  go  through 
the  intervening  grades.  Generals  Allen,  March, 
Wilson;  Admirals  Mayo  and  Sims,  are  Grand  Officers 
also  without  having  had  to  take  the  intermediate 
steps;  most  of  our  generals  who  saw  service  in  France 
during  the  war  received  the  cross  of  Commander  as 
their  initial  award. 

While  neither  French  nor  foreign  Legionnaires  are 
asked  to  subscribe  to  the  oath  of  fidelity  which 
originally  formed  part  of  the  ceremony  of  admission 
into  the  Order,  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  different 
forms  taken  by  this  oath  through  the  various 
governments. 

The  first  Legionnaires,  as  we  have  seen,  were  asked 
to  swear  upon  their  honor  to  devote  themselves  to 
the  service  and  defense  of  the  Republic,  and  to 
combat  any  enterprise  tending  to  reestablish  the 
feudal  regime  or  to  restore  the  old  titles.  Then,  when 
Napoleon  became  Emperor,  a  slight  change  was  made, 
each  Legionnaire  swearing  to  devote  himself  to 
the  service  of  the  Empire  and  to  the  defense  of  the 
Emperor.  From  January,  1805,  to  March,  181 1,  the 
oath  was  administered  with  the  pledge  to  oppose 

C"0 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

the  restoration  of  titles  left  out,  Napoleon  having  just 
then  created  a  nobility  of  his  own  by  reestablishing 
all  the  former  titles  with  the  exception  of  Marquis 
and  Vicomte.  When  the  King  of  Rome  was  born, 
March  20,  181 1,  another  change  was  made  in  the 
oath,  which  was  couched  in  the  following  terms: 

"I  swear  to  remain  faithful  to  the  Emperor  and  to 
his  dynasty;  I  promise  upon  my  honor  to  devote  my- 
self to  his  service,  to  the  defense  of  his  person,  and  to 
the  maintenance  of  the  territory  of  the  Empire  in  its 
integrity;  I  pledge  myself  not  to  attend  any  council  or 
meeting  likely  to  disturb  the  tranquillity  of  the  State 
and  to  warn  his  majesty  of  any  plot  against  his 
honor,   his  security,  or  the  good  of  the   Empire." 

When  Louis  XVIII  was  restored  to  the  throne, 
the  oath  was  simplified  to  read:  "I  swear  to  remain 
faithful  to  the  King,  to  Honor,  and  to  Country." 
In  1 8 16  this  was  lengthened  into,  "I  swear  to  remain 
faithful  to  the  King,  to  Honor,  and  to  my  Country, 
to  reveal  anything  that  might  come  to  my  knowledge 
of  a  character  contrary  to  the  service  of  His  Majesty 
and  to  the  good  of  the  State;  to  accept  no  service 
and  to  receive  no  pension  from  a  foreign  prince  with- 
out the  consent  of  His  Majesty;  to  observe  all  laws 
and  ordinances  and  to  do  everything  within  the  duty 
of  a  brave  and  loyal  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor." 

Under  Louis-Philippe  (August,  1830,  to  February, 

1:112: 


FOREIGNERS   IN  THE  LEGION 

1848),  the  oath  was  simply:  "I  swear  fidelity  to  the 
King  of  France,  obedience  to  the  Constitutional 
Charter  and  to  the  laws  of  the  kingdom. " 

During  the  second  Republic  (1848  to  1852),  mem- 
bers of  the  Legion  swore  "Obedience  to  the  Consti- 
tution and  Fidelity  to  the  President  of  the  Republic." 

With  the  coming  of  the  Second  Empire  and  during 
its  life  (1852  to  1870),  the  Legionnaire  swore  "Fi- 
delity to  the  Emperor,  to  Honor,  and  to  Country." 
He  also  pledged  himself  to  devote  himself  to  the  good 
of  the  State  and  to  fulfil  all  the  duties  of  a  brave  and 
loyal  Chevalier  of  the  "  Imperial  Order  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor." 

With  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon  the  Third  and  the 
incoming  of  the  Third  Republic,  the  oath  was  en- 
tirely abolished,  and  since  that  time  Legionnaires 
are  not  asked  to  pledge  themselves  politically  in  any 
way. 

When  the  fortunes  of  war  had  caused  the  downfall 
of  Napoleon  III  and  the  establishment  of  the  Third 
Republic,  there  was  a  momentary  return  to  the 
fever  of  democracy  which  had  characterized  the 
patriots  of  the  Republic  of  1793.  There  were  cries  in 
the  Chamber  that  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  a  violation 
of  the  spirit  of  equality,  and  several  Deputies  moved 
for  its  suppression.  The  Empire  had  been  over- 
thrown on  September  4,  and  on  October  20  a  decree 
was  passed  maintaining  the  Legion  of  Honor  but 

C1133 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

stipulating  that  in  future  it  would  be  exclusively 
reserved  as  a  reward  for  military  services  and  acts  of 
bravery  accomplished  in  presence  of  the  enemy. 

This  removed  the  Legion  of  Honor  as  a  mark  of 
distinction  for  services  rendered  to  the  State  or  to 
humanity  in  letters,  science,  the  arts,  and  all  fields 
other  than  military,  and  from  October  20,  1870,  to 
July  25,  1873,  tne  Legion  of  Honor  remained  a 
purely  military  decoration,  awarded  for  feats  of  arms. 
This  period  of  interruption,  however,  coincided  with 
a  resolve  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  to  reduce  the 
number  of  Legionnaires,  which  had  grown  to  nearly 
seventy  thousand.  Based  upon  the  decree  of  1852, 
this  was  an  excess  of  more  than  thirty-eight  thousand, 
and  it  was  proposed  that  new  crosses  be  awarded 
only  on  the  proportion  of  two  extinctions  to  one  in 
the  military  branch,  and  three  extinctions  to  one  for 
civilian  Legionnaires.  In  other  words,  two  military 
Legionnaires  had  to  die  before  a  new  military  Legion- 
naire could  be  created,  and  three  civilians  before  a 
new  civilian  could  be  decorated.  The  law  of  1873, 
however,  amended  this  and  established  the  process 
of  reduction  on  a  two-to-one  basis  for  all  classes  of 
Legionnaires.  There  was,  of  course,  a  loophole  in 
that  crosses  could  still  be  awarded  "for  exceptional 
services,"  but  from  1870  to  1886  the  number  of 
Legionnaires  actually  decreased,  there  being  ten 
fewer  Grand  Crosses,  eighty  fewer  Grand  Officers, 

C1143 


FOREIGNERS   IN  THE  LEGION 

three   hundred  and   forty- two   fewer   Commanders, 
and  7,548  fewer  Chevaliers. 

Altho  the  archives  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  contain 
complete  records  of  the  nomination  of  foreigners,  they 
are  not  kept  up  to  date  in  the  matter  of  vacancies 
caused  by  deaths,  and  many  are  carried  on  the  rolls 
for  whom  worldly  honors  have  long  ceased  to  signify 
anything. 


£"rt 


VIII 
EDUCATIONAL    INSTITUTIONS 

Educational  institutions  of  Legion  of  Honor  — 
Ecouen,  Saint-Denis,  Les  Loges  —  Program  of  studies 

LAID     OUT     BY     NAPOLEON     HIMSELF MmE.     CaMPAN 

Queen  Hortense  as  Protector  of  Ecouen  —  Visits 
of  Napoleon  and  Czar  Alexander  to  Ecouen  — 
Conditions  for  admission  —  800  free  and  iio  paying 

pupils. 


D173 


VIII 
EDUCATIONAL    INSTITUTIONS 

N  the  day  following  his  magnificent  victory 
at  Austerlitz,  the  Emperor  issued  the  fol- 
lowing decree: 

"Napoleon,  Emperor  of  the  French  and  King  of  Italy, 
decrees  as  follows: 

Article  I.  We  adopt  all  children  of  the  generals,  officers, 
and  soldiers  killed  in  the  Battle  of  Austerlitz. 

Article  II.  They  will  be  maintained  and  educated  at  our 
expense,  the  boys  in  our  palace  at  Rambouillet,  and  the  girls 
at  our  palace  at  Saint-Germain.  The  boys  will  be  subsequently 
placed  and  the  girls  married  by  us." 

It  was  in  compliance  with  this  decree  that  the 
institutions  for  girls  at  Saint-Denis,  Ecouen,  and  Les 
Loges  were  subsequently  created.  The  Emperor  took 
a  deep  interest  in  these  institutions  and  had  originally 
intended  to  have  three  more,  one  in  Paris,  Rue  Bar- 
bette, another  at  Barbeaux  in  Seine-et-Marne,  and  a 
third  at  Pont-a-Mousson ;  but  Waterloo  put  an  end 
to  these  larger  projects  and  only  three  survived. 

The  first  was  established  in  1806  at  the  Chateau 
of  Ecouen,  on  the  outskirts  of  Paris,  built  in  1540  by 
the  Grand  Constable  of  France,   Anne  de  Mont- 

C1193 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

morency.  It  was  confiscated  in  1793  as  tne  property 
of  an  emigrated  noble  and  ceded  to  the  first  Cohort 
of  the  Legion  at  the  time  of  the  creation  of  the  Order. 
The  work  of  transforming  it  in  1807  for  use  as  a 
boarding-school  for  girls  necessitated  the  painting 
out  of  several  mural  paintings  which  were  judged  too 
frivolous  for  contemplation  by  the  Emperor's  new 
wards.  Several  very  fine  sculptured  panels  also  were 
removed  and  are  now  on  exhibition  in  the  Cluny 
Museum.  The  arms  of  the  Montmorency  family 
were  effaced  and  replaced  by  the  imperial  "N."  In 
1 8 15  Ecouen  was  returned  to  the  Conde  family,  but  in 
1 85 1  it  was  restored  to  the  use  planned  by  Napoleon. 

The  Saint-Denis  school  was  established  in  1809  in 
the  ancient  abbey  of  Saint-Denis  in  the  suburbs  of 
Paris,  and  the  cells  occupied  by  the  monks  of  the 
Benedictine  Order  were  transformed  into  dormitories 
consisting  of  four  lines  of  small  iron  beds  stretching 
down  a  long  cathedral-like  perspective  lighted  by 
twenty-four  monumental  windows. 

As  for  Les  Loges,  it  was  not  assigned  to  its  present 
use  until  181 1,  when  this  royal  shooting-lodge,  con- 
structed by  Louis  XIII  on  the  edge  of  the  forest  of 
Saint-Germain,  was  turned  over  to  the  orphans  of 
Legionnaires. 

A  letter  written  by  Napoleon  in  May,  1807,  and 
addressed  to  the  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,   is  preserved  in  the  national  archives.     It 

C120;] 


J  o 

o 

o 

u 

w 
K 
H 

u, 
O 

W 

z 

o 

</> 

w 
o 
o 

in 
W 


EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS 

gives  eloquent  testimony  of  the  interest  felt  by  the 
Emperor  in  these  educational  institutions  and  is 
worth  quoting  as  an  exhibit  of  the  views  of  this 
versatile  genius  regarding  the  place  of  woman  in  the 
society  of  his  time. 

"It  is  imperative,"  wrote  Napoleon,  "that  the 
establishment  at  Ecouen  be  beautiful  in  all  that 
pertains  to  the  monument  and  simple  in  all  that 
pertains  to  education.  Be  careful  not  to  follow  the 
example  set  by  the  ancient  establishment  of  Saint- 
Cyr,  where  much  money  was  spent,  and  where  they 
brought  up  the  girls  badly. 

"What  shall  be  taught  to  the  young  ladies  who  are 
to  be  educated  at  Ecouen?  First,  religion  in  all  its 
severity.  Do  not  permit,  in  this  regard,  any  modifi- 
cation whatever.  Religion  is  an  important  matter 
in  a  public  institution  for  girls.  No  matter  what  may 
be  said  against  it,  it  offers  the  surest  guarantee  to 
mothers  and  husbands.  You  must  bring  up  women 
who  believe  and  not  women  who  argue.  The  feeble- 
ness of  the  female  brain,  the  instability  of  their  ideas, 
their  destination  in  the  social  order,  the  necessity  on 
their  part  of  constant  and  perpetual  resignation  and 
of  a  sort  of  prompt  and  indulgent  charity  —  all  this 
can  be  obtained  only  through  religion,  through  a 
religion  that  is  both  kind  and  charitable. 

"I  attached  but  little  importance  to  religious  in- 
struction at  Fontainebleau  and  have  prescribed  as 

C120 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

little  of  it  as  is  necessary  in  schools  for  boys  (Lycees). 
It  is  very  different  for  the  institution  at  Ecouen. 
Almost  the  only  science  to  be  taught  there  shall  be 
that  of  the  Gospel.  I  desire  that  there  shall  come 
out  of  Ecouen,  not  agreeable  women,  but  virtuous 
women;  I  wish  their  accomplishments  to  be  of  morals 
and  of  the  heart,  and  not  of  the  intellect  and  of 
amusements. 

"  There  must,  therefore,  be  at  Ecouen  as  director  a 
man  of  intelligence,  of  mature  years,  and  good 
morality;  that  the  pupils  be  held  each  day  to  regular 
prayers,  attendance  at  mass,  and  lessons  in  the 
catechism.  This  part  of  their  education  must  be  the 
one  most  carefully  regulated.  They  must  also  be 
taught  writing,  ciphering,  and  the  principles  of  their 
native  tongue  in  order  that  they  may  know  how  to 
spell.  They  must  be  taught  a  little  of  geography  and 
history,  but  no  Latin  or  other  foreign  tongue  what- 
ever. The  older  girls  may  be  instructed  in  elementary 
botany,  physics,  and  natural  history,  and  even  this 
may  have  its  inconvenience.  In  physics,  limit  your- 
self to  what  is  necessary  to  prevent  crass  ignorance 
and  stupid  superstition,  but  keep  within  the  facts 
and  advance  no  arguments  which  do  not  flow 
naturally  from  primary  causes.  Also  look  into  the 
possibility  of  those  who  have  reached  an  advanced 
grade  being  given  the  administration  of  a  certain 
fund  for  their  clothing.    This  might  accustom  them  to 


EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS 

economy,  to  a  just  appreciation  of  the  value  of 
things,  and  to  the  habit  of  being  dependent  upon 
themselves.  In  general,  however,  they  must  all  be 
kept  busy  during  three-quarters  of  the  day  in  labors 
of  a  manual  character :  they  must  know  how  to  make 
stockings,  shirts,  embroideries,  in  fact  every  sort  of 
domestic  labor.  The  girls  at  Ecouen  must  be  brought 
up  as  if  they  belonged  to  families  in  the  provinces 
with  revenues  of  between  fifteen  and  eighteen 
thousand  francs  a  year  and  not  likely  to  bring  to 
their  husband  more  than  twelve  or  fifteen  thousand 
francs  as  a  dowry. 

"Consequently,  in  such  homes,  the  woman  may 
not  be  indifferent  or  ignorant  in  the  matter  of  manual 
labor.  I  do  not  know  whether  it  would  be  possible 
to  teach  them  a  little  medicine  or  pharmacy,  at  least 
such  medicine  as  is  within  the  knowledge  of  a  trained 
nurse.  It  would  be  well  also  that  they  learn  a  little 
of  that  part  of  culinary  art  appertaining  to  the  pantry. 
I  would  wish  that  a  young  woman  leaving  Ecouen  to 
take  charge  of  a  home  should  know  how  to  make  her 
dresses,  repair  her  husband's  clothes,  manufacture 
the  layette  of  her  children,  nurse  her  husband  and 
children  when  they  are  ill,  all  of  which  is  simple 
enough,  but  demands  a  great  deal  of  reflection. 

"As  for  the  clothes  to  be  worn,  it  would  be  well  to 
choose  very  common  material,  to  which  an  agreeable 
form   shall   be  given.     I   think  that  in  this  regard 

Hi23  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

the  present  vogue  of  dresses  for  women  leaves 
nothing  to  be  desired,  except  of  course  that  there 
will  be  no  bare  arms  and  that  such  modifications 
will  be  made  as  are  consistent  with  health  and 
modesty. 

"In  the  matter  of  food  it  cannot  be  too  simple:  a 
soup,  a  meat  dish,  and  an  entree,  nothing  else  is 
needed.  I  will  not  try  as  I  did  at  Fontainebleau  to 
make  them  learn  how  to  cook;  I  would  have  too  many 
people  against  me;  but  they  should  be  taught  to  pre- 
pare desserts  and  whatever  is  suitable  for  luncheons. 
I  will  excuse  them  from  cooking  the  dinner,  but  they 
must  bake  their  own  bread.  The  advantage  in  all 
this  is  that  they  are  being  exercised  in  whatever  they 
may  be  called  upon  to  do  later,  and  that  their  time 
will  be  employed  in  utilitarian  accomplishment.  Their 
apartments  should  be  furnished  through  the  labor  of 
their  hands,  and  they  must  make  their  own  under- 
wear, stockings,  dresses,  and  hats. 

"AH  this  is  of  vital  importance,  in  my  opinion.  I 
want  to  make  useful  women  out  of  these  young  girls, 
certain  that  thereby  I  will  be  making  them  agreeable 
women.  I  do  not  care  to  make  them  socially  agree- 
able, as  that  would  be  to  make  them  light  and 
frivolous.  When  one  makes  one's  dresses  oneself  one 
knows  what  to  wear  and  how  to  wear  it.  Dancing  is 
also  necessary  to  the  health  of  these  girls,  but  it 
must  be  a  special  kind  of  dancing  and  not  of  the 

C124II 


z  S 


?2 


EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS 

stage  variety.     I  grant  them  music,  but  only  vocal 
music. 

"Men,  with  the  one  exception  of  the  director,  shall 
be  excluded  from  the  institution.  They  must  not 
enter  within  its  walls,  no  matter  under  what  pretext. 
Even  the  gardening  must  be  done  by  women.  My 
intention  in  this  respect  is  that  the  establishment  of 
Ecouen  shall  be  under  as  severe  a  rule  as  any  convent. 
The  head  mistress  herself  may  not  receive  visits  from 
men  except  in  the  public  parlor,  and  male  parents 
will  only  be  admitted  in  case  of  sickness  and  after 
having  obtained  a  permit  from  the  Grand  Chancellor 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

"Needless  to  say,  nothing  is  as  ill  conceived  and 
as  harmful  as  the  public  exhibition  of  young  girls  on 
a  platform,  or  the  arousing  of  emulation  by  class 
distinction.  This  sort  of  thing  is  good  for  men,  who 
may  eventually  be  called  upon  to  speak  in  public, 
and  who,  being  under  the  necessity  of  learning  many 
things,  have  need  of  being  upheld  and  stimulated 
through  mutual  emulation.  It  is  different  with  girls. 
There  must  be  no  emulation  between  them,  and  we 
must  be  careful  not  to  awaken  their  passions  and  set 
their  vanity  into  play,  as  this  is  the  most  active 
passion  of  their  sex.  Light  punishment  and  the 
praise  of  the  head  mistresses  for  those  who  behave 
themselves  well,   appear  to  me  sufficient.      I   dis- 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

approve  of  classification  by  different  colors  in  ribbons, 
if  it  has  any  other  meaning  than  to  distinguish  the 
ages  and  establish  a  sort  of  precedence." 

The  program  of  studies  laid  out  by  the  Emperor 
suffered  a  number  of  alterations,  however.  Having 
submitted  it  to  Madame  Campan,  this  remarkable 
woman  offered  a  counter  project,  in  which  she  added 
to  the  classical  curriculum  and  introduced  English 
and  Italian,  study  of  the  decimal  system,  and 
drawing  and  painting. 

Madame  Campan  had  been  a  reader  to  the 
daughters  of  Louis  XV  and  first  lady  of  the  chamber 
to  Marie  Antoinette.  Ruined  as  a  result  of  the 
Revolution,  she  opened  a  school  for  young  ladies  in 
Saint-Germain  which  soon  acquired  a  wide  reputa- 
tion. It  was  in  the  Saint-Germain  school  of  Madame 
Campan  that  Josephine's  daughter,  Hortense  Beau- 
harnais,  was  educated.  A  report  of  Hortense's 
studies,  in  which  she  is  called  "citoyenne,"  ranks  her 
first  in  dancing,  second  in  declamation,  and  fourth 
in  drawing.  She  is  chided  for  a  poor  memory  and 
careless  handwriting.  In  the  comments  accom- 
panying the  report,  Madame  Campan  observes  that 
the  citoyenne  Beauharnais  is  "gifted  with  most 
precious  qualities:  she  is  good,  sensible,  and  ever 
ready  to  oblige  her  companions.  She  is  of  even 
temper  and  would  have  everything  in  her  favor  were 
she  less  scatter-brained.    She  had  to  spend  four  days 

C1263 


EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS 

in  the  infirmary  as  a  result  of  a  cut  to  her  thumb 
received  through  carelessness.  She  continues  to  have 
for  her  parents  the  tenderness  and  admiration  which 
they  so  signally  merit."  At  the  commencement 
exercises  of  the  Campan  School  in  1798  Hortense 
carried  off  the  prize  for  drawing,  which  was  presented 
by  the  famous  painter,  Isabey.  Napoleon  was  a 
frequent  visitor  at  the  school  and  had  opportunities 
for  estimating  at  their  true  value  the  high  qualities 
possessed  by  Madame  Campan  as  an  educator. 

This  remarkable  woman  had  the  temerity  to  oppose 
some  of  the  recommendations  made  by  the  Emperor 
in  the  letter  which  we  have  quoted,  and  the  great  man 
showed  his  good  sense  by  yielding  to  her  on  many 
points.  He  had  urged  that  no  foreign  language  be 
taught,  but  Madame  Campan  included  in  the  scho- 
lastic program  both  English  and  Italian.  The  im- 
perial patron  of  Ecouen  had  said,  "I  will  grant  them 
music,  but  only  vocal  music";  Madame  Campan, 
however,  managed  to  introduce  the  study  of  both  the 
piano  and  the  harp.  Whereas  the  Emperor  opposed 
the  awakening  of  a  spirit  of  emulation  among  the 
girls,  the  sagacious  head-mistress  made  direct  appeal 
to  the  pride  of  her  wards  and  differentiated  the  classes 
by  colored  sashes  which  provided  a  powerful  incen- 
tive to  their  ambitions.  "The  ambition  to  pass  from 
a  lower  to  a  higher  class,"  wrote  Madame  Campan, 
"stimulates  the  zeal  of  the  girls,  and  the  sight  of  a 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

pile  of  sashes  of  various  colors  ready  to  be  distributed 
is  enough  to  quicken  the  pulse  and  shorten  the 
breath  of  the  entire  school. "  One  of  the  severest 
punishments  was  loss  of  the  sash,  a  punishment 
inflicted  only  for  the  gravest  offense  and  publicly 
administered  much  as  the  ceremony  of  degradation 
in  the  army.  Madame  Campan  tells  of  an  instance 
when  one  young  girl  so  punished  fainted  in  her  arms 
from  emotion.  The  sashes  were  green,  yellow,  red, 
and  blue.  To-day,  however,  when  there  are  seven 
classes  to  differentiate,  the  colors  are  green,  purple, 
rose,  blue,  crimson,  white,  and  multi-colored,  the 
green  designating  the  lowest  class  and  the  multi- 
colored the  highest.  These  sashes  are  worn  over  a 
costume  of  black  wool  with  a  black  apron  strapped 
over  a  white  collarette  of  pleated  muslin.  The 
sash  circles  the  waist  and  goes  over  both  shoulders. 

It  had  been  the  intention  of  Napoleon  to  place 
Ecouen  under  the  official  patronage  of  the  Empress, 
but  Josephine,  sensing  perhaps  her  approaching 
divorce,  declined  the  honor,  and  the  choice  quite 
naturally  fell  upon  her  daughter,  Hortense  Beau- 
harnais,  Madame  Campan's  former  pupil  and  now 
Queen  of  Holland.  Queen  Hortense  was  named 
Protector  of  the  Imperial  Educational  Institutions 
on  December  16,  1809,  and  paid  her  first  official  visit 
to  Ecouen  on  March  9,  1810. 

These  institutions  remained  under  the  high  patron- 


MADAME  CAMPAN 
First  Superintendent  of  the  Orphanage  at  Ecouen 


EDUCATIONAL   INSTITUTIONS 

age  of  a  member  of  the  royal  household  after  the  fall 
of  the  First  Empire.  From  1816  to  1830  this  royal 
Protector  was  Marie-Therese-Charlotte,  Duchess  of 
Angouleme,  daughter  of  Louis  XVI.  From  1830  to 
1848  the  role  was  filled  by  Queen  Marie-Amelie,  the 
royal  spouse  of  Louis-Philippe,  and  when  Napoleon 
the  Third  proclaimed  himself  Emperor  it  was 
Eugenie  whom  he  named  to  the  post  originally  oc- 
cupied by  his  mother,  the  regretted  Queen  of  Holland. 
Napoleon  himself  visited  Ecouen  on  many  occa- 
sions. A  detailed  report  of  his  first  visit  in  March, 
1809,  relates  that  he  arrived  unannounced  accom- 
panied by  the  Grand  Chancellor,  thereby  throwing 
into  confusion  not  only  the  much  flustered  youngsters 
of  the  school  but  the  members  of  the  teaching  staff 
themselves.  Madame  Campan  ordered  all  to  their 
posts  in  class,  and  the  Emperor  was  taken  from 
room  to  room,  visiting  the  dormitory,  class  rooms, 
refectory,  infirmary,  chapel,  and  every  other  division 
of  the  school,  inspecting  the  knitting  done  by  the 
youngest  girls  and  witnessing  them  all  dancing  at 
recess.  In  a  song  intoned  by  the  whole  school  he  was 
much  touched  at  being  referred  to  as  the  Father  of  all 
the  fatherless  children  of  the  school.  He  asked  to 
have  pointed  out  the  four  most  deserving  pupils,  and 
granted  each  a  pension  of  four  hundred  francs.  Be- 
fore leaving,  he  ordered  a  special  and  extra  dessert  of 
confectionery  and  cakes  for  the  following  Sunday, 

C129J 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

and  the  next  day  sent  to  Ecouen  a  load  of  oranges 
and  candy.  There  is  also  the  record  of  a  visit  in 
August,  1811,  when  the  Emperor,  accompanied  by 
Marie-Louise  and  a  brilliant  suite,  presided  at  the 
commencement  exercises  of  the  school.  He  also 
personally  inspected  the  establishments  at  Saint- 
Denis  and  Les  Loges,  and  on  the  occasion  of  a  visit 
to  Saint-Denis  in  181 3  he  raised  its  head-mistress, 
Madame  Dubouzet,  to  the  rank  of  Baroness. 

Louis  XVIII,  Charles  X,  Louis-Philippe,  Napo- 
leon III,  and  all  the  Presidents  of  the  Republic  since 
have  continued  the  practise  of  inspecting  the  estab- 
lishments. In  1896,  Felix  Faure  created  the  prece- 
dent of  inviting  the  pupils  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
Institutions  to  the  garden  parties  held  in  the  grounds 
of  the  Elysee,  the  French  White  House,  and  every 
succeeding  President  has  followed  his  example. 

The  records  of  Ecouen  mention  the  visit,  after  the 
fall  of  Paris  in  1814,  of  the  Czar  Alexander  of  Russia, 
who  was  loud  in  his  praise  of  the  establishment  and  of 
its  pupils.  Madam  Campan,  in  her  diary,  sets  down 
a  conversation  with  the  Czar,  in  which  she  explains 
to  him  why  her  pupils  are  better  educated  and  possess 
a  greater  degree  of  refinement  than  young  women 
educated  elsewhere: 

"I  told  his  Majesty  that  I  attached  the  utmost  im- 
portance to  placing  the  girls  on  a  footing  of  perfect 
equality.    The  daughters  of  the  highest  state  officials 

C130  3 


EDUCATIONAL  INSTITUTIONS 

as  well  as  those  of  the  humblest  soldier  are  treated 
exactly  alike.  If  I  observed  any  show  of  pretentions, 
on  the  score  of  rank  or  fortune,  by  any  of  my  pupils,  I 
would  find  means  for  squelching  this  display  of 
stupid  vanity  at  once.  The  only  distinctions  in  the 
school  are  those  won  through  merit  and  study.  The 
girls  are  taught  to  make  their  own  clothes  and  every 
detail  of  domestic  management.  They  know  about 
housework  and  cooking,  but  they  also  know  that  in  a 
drawing-room  it  is  bad  manners  to  discuss  matters  of 
the  kitchen,  or  servants,  or  the  price  of  cheese.' ' 

In  spite  of  the  importance  given  to  domestic  science 
in  the  institutions  maintained  by  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
classical  education  is  not  neglected,  and  in  fact  a 
certain  prestige  attaches  to  graduates  of  these  insti- 
tutions which  is  lacking  in  the  ordinary  girls'  Iycees 
or  private  schools.  The  record  of  scholarship  from 
1900  to  1 910  showed  that  seventy-nine  per  cent,  of 
the  pupils  successfully  passed  the  examinations  for 
brevet  elementaire  (high  school  diploma)  and  that 
eighty-one  per  cent,  obtained  a  brevet  superieur 
(Bachelor  of  Arts).  This  record  is  significant  when 
it  is  realized  that  the  general  average  for  all  schools 
competing  for  these  diplomas  is  fifty-three  per  cent. 

The  present  organization  and  management  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  schools  provides  for  eight  hundred 
free  pupils  and  one  hundred  and  ten  paying  pupils, 
these  latter  paying  a  tuition  fee  of  fourteen  hundred 

C1313 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

francs  a  year.  The  conditions  for  admission  are: 
(i)  French  nationality;  (2)  pupils  must  be  either 
daughters,  granddaughters,  sisters,  or  nieces  of  a 
French  Legionnaire.  They  must  have  reached  their 
twelfth  year  and  not  be  older  than  thirteen  at 
the  time  of  the  beginning  of  classes  in  October. 
Those  nominated  for  admission  are  distributed  by 
the  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  between 
the  school  at  Ecouen  and  that  at  Les  Loges.  They 
remain  in  these  schools  three  years  and  are  then  sent 
to  Saint-Denis  to  finish  their  studies.  All  pupils  are 
expected  to  pay  for  their  wardrobes,  the  sum  fixed 
being  four  hundred  francs,  payable  upon  admission 
and  covering  the  clothing  needs  of  the  pupil  for  the 
entire  six-year  period.  Since  1890  a  special  commer- 
cial course  is  conducted,  which  includes  accounting, 
commercial  law,  stenography  and  typewriting,  filing, 
and  office  management. 


Ci32  3 


IX 

WOMEN    LEGIONNAIRES 

Napoleon's  idea  of  women  —  Women  decorated  for 

war  deeds  while  assuming  male  personality the 

first  woman  to  be  decorated  as  a  woman  —  some 
distinguished  women  legionnaires  — american  women 
decorated  —  special   decoration   for   faculty   mem- 
BERS of  Ecouen,  Saint-Denis,  and  Les  Loges. 


Ci33  3 


HI 

m 

IX 

WOMEN  LEGIONNAIRES 

APOLEON'S  idea  of  women  was  that 
which  prevailed  in  the  eighteenth  century 
and  before,  and  we  have  shown  by  his 
recommendations  when  mapping  out  the 
educational  program  for  the  school  at  Ecouen  that  he 
shared  Euripides's  opinion  that  "women  should  be 
good  for  everything  at  home;  but  abroad,  good  for 
nothing."  The  talented  Mme.  de  Genlis  in  1808 
petitioned  the  Emperor,  claiming  the  Legion  of 
Honor  for  herself,  Mme.  de  Noel,  Fannie  de  Beau- 
harnais,  Mme.  Campan,  Mme.  Lebrun,  Mme.  Dawter, 
Mme.  Lescat,  and  Mile.  Germain;  but  Napoleon  re- 
jected the  appeal.  Mme.  de  Stael,  after  intriguing 
against  him,  sought  his  favor,  but  was  similarly  re- 
pulsed. He  had  the  opinion,  shared  by  most  men  in 
his  day,  that  the  fields  of  science,  art,  letters,  and 
politics  were  reserved  exclusively  for  men,  and  he 
could  have  said  with  Samuel  Johnson:  "A  woman 
preaching  is  like  a  dog's  walking  on  his  hind  legs.  It 
is  not  done  well,  but  you  are  surprized  to  find  it  done 
at  all." 

During  the  Directoire,  Napoleon,  in  his  capacity 
of  General  in  Chief  of  the  Army  in  Italy,  gave  official 

Ci35  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

recognition  to  the  bravery  of  two  women,  camp- 
followers  of  the  army  and  known  as  vivandieres,  which 
means  retailers  of  various  food  extras,  particularly 
liquor  —  a  sort  of  unofficial  commissariat.  One  of 
these  women  was  attached  to  each  regiment.  In  1 797, 
Marie  Royer,  vivandiere  of  the  Fifty-first  Brigade, 
received  a  gold  chain,  to  which  was  attached  a  small 
medal,  for  having  saved  from  drowning  a  wounded 
soldier  who  was  trying  to  swim  the  river  Piave.  The 
same  kind  of  chain  was  awarded  to  "Mother" 
Sarazin,  the  vivandiere  of  the  Fifty-seventh  Regiment, 
but  the  records  do  not  show  what  feat  of  heroism 
brought  her  this  decoration  from  Napoleon. 

There  is  also  a  legend  according  to  which  a  number 
of  women  fighting  in  Napoleonic  armies  in  men's 
clothes  gained  the  Legion  of  Honor  under  a  masculine 
appellation.  In  "Chronicles  of  French  Bravery," 
published  by  Mongerie  in  1 812,  we  read  that  in  1806 
Virginie  Chesquiere  substituted  herself  for  her  brother, 
who  had  been  conscripted  into  the  Twenty-seventh 
Regiment  of  Light  Infantry.  This  young  woman 
saved  the  life  of  her  captain  upon  the  field  of 
Wagram  and  was  promoted  then  and  there  to  the 
grade  of  Sergeant.  In  Portugal  she  duplicated  the 
exploit  by  saving  the  life  of  her  colonel  and  capturing 
two  officers  of  the  enemy.  It  was  on  this  occasion 
that  she  was  at  the  same  time  decorated  with  the 
Legion  of  Honor  and  honorably  discharged  from  the 


THE  FIRST  WOMAN  TO  WEAR  THE  LEGION  S  CROSS 

Angelique  Duchemin,  Thrice  Wounded  in  the  Course 
of  Seven  Campaigns 


WOMEN  LEGIONNAIRES 

army,  her  sex  having  been  discovered  as  she  was 
recovering  in  the  hospital  from  a  severe  wound. 
And  according  to  Captain  Richard,  the  author  of 
Vivandieres  Frangaises,  Josephine  Trinquart  of  the 
Sixty-third  Infantry  was  decorated  during  the  Rus- 
sian campaign  for  killing  a  Cossack  who  was  about 
to  dispatch  her  battalion  chief. 

There  is  no  official  record,  however,  of  a  woman 
receiving  the  Legion  of  Honor  until  1851,  when 
Angelique  Duchemin  was  made  chevalier  as  "Veuve 
Brulon  Sous-Lieutenant  dTnfanterie,"  three  times 
wounded  in  seven  war  campaigns.  On  July  14, 
1852,  Mme.  Abicot  de  Ragis  was  cited  in  the  Moni- 
teur  as  having  been  visited  by  Napoleon  III  in  the 
hospital  where  she  was  being  treated,  on  which  occa- 
sion the  Prince-President  unfastened  his  own  Legion 
of  Honor  cross  and  pinned  it  upon  her.  The  deed 
thus  rewarded  was  the  vigorous  opposition  offered  by 
Mme.  de  Ragis  to  an  attempt  made  by  three  burglars 
to  set  fire  to  the  Mayor's  office  in  the  small  city  of 
Oizon.  Mme.  de  Ragis  had  put  the  burglars  to  flight 
at  the  point  of  a  pistol  after  she  had  been  stabbed  and 
painfully  bruised. 

The  third  woman  to  be  decorated  with  the  cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  was  Sister  Helene,  the  Su- 
perior of  the  Hospital  at  Jouarre.  Sister  Helene,  in 
private  life  Mme.  DusouIIier,  received  her  decoration 
for  Red  Cross  work. 

Hi37:i 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

The  next  three  women  to  be  decorated  were 
similarly  employed  in  the  care  of  wounded  men  in 
military  hospitals.  They  were  Sister  Barbe,  in 
private  life  Mme.  Jeanne  Chagny,  Superior  of  the 
Toulouse  Hospital;  Sister  Jeanne-Claire,  in  private 
life  Mme.  Massin,  Superior  of  the  Hotel-Dieu  at 
Compiegne,  and  Sister  Rosalie,  in  private  life  Mme. 
Rendu,  Superior  of  the  Saint- Vincent  Hospital  in  Paris. 

The  first  Legion  of  Honor  awarded  to  a  woman  for 
other  than  heroic  reasons  was  that  given  to  Rosa 
Bonheur  by  decree  of  the  15th  of  June,  1865,  in 
recognition  of  her  talents  as  a  painter.  Then  follow 
12  women  Legionnaries  decorated  for  heroic  military 
and  ambulance  work.  Of  these,  eight  were  nuns 
attached  to  military  hospitals. 

The  next  woman  in  civil  life  to  be  admitted  into 
the  Order  was  Mme.  Dieulafoy,  decorated  by  decree  of 
October  1 1 ,  1 886,  for  her  archeological  work  in  Egypt. 

The  first  woman  to  be  decorated  for  philanthropic 
works  was  Mme.  Furtado-Heine,  decorated  July  13, 
1887,  m  recognition  of  her  foundation  of  a  number  of 
charitable  institutions  in  Paris. 

Five  of  the  reigning  Queens,  namely,  those  of 
England,  Belgium,  Spain,  Roumania  and  Ethiopia 
are  Grand  Crosses  of  the  Legion. 

The  first  American  woman  to  receive  the  Legion 
of  Honor  cross  was  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  who  was 
named   in  recognition  of  her  participation  in  the 

C1383 


WOMEN  LEGIONNAIRES 

International  Exposition  of  1900  as  a  Commissioner 
of  the  United  States. 

With  the  advent  of  the  World  War  opportunities 
were  created  for  distinguished  service  by  women  both 
in  ambulances  and  hospitals  and  through  philan- 
thropic activities.  The  French  Government  has 
been  generous  in  recognizing  work  of  this  character 
done  by  American  women.  Among  those  receiving 
the  honor  are: 


Miss  Mildred  Aldrich 
Mrs.  Gertrude  Atherton 
Mrs.  Robert  Bacon 
Mrs.  Jules  S.  Bache 
Miss  Edith  Bangs 
Miss  Katherine  Batcheller 
Mrs.  Edmund  L.  Baylies 
Mrs.  Laurence  V.  Benet 
Dr.  Violette  Bergere 
Miss   Mary  Cunningham 

Bishop 
Mrs.   Robert  Woods  Bliss 
Mrs.  George  Blumenthal 
Mrs.  R.  Blum 
Mrs.  Walter  Stanton 

Brewster 
Mrs.  Romaine  B.  Brooks 
Mrs.  William  W.  Card 
Miss  Mary  Cassatt 
Miss  Catherine  Cerf 
Mrs.  William  Astor 

Chanler 
Mrs.  Luisita  Leland  Cofer 
Mrs.  E.  Craven 


Mrs.  William  H.  Crocker 
Miss  Francis  Elizabeth 

Crowell 
Miss  Fanny  Belle  Curtis 
Miss  Emma  D.  Cushman 
Miss  Elizabeth  Cutting 
Mrs.  Warren  Fisher 

Daniell 
Mrs.  A.  M.  DeRoaldes 
Marquise  C.  De  Went- 

worth 
Mrs.  A.  Murray  Dike 
Miss  Welly  Durjs 
Mrs.  Nina  Larrey  Duryea 
Miss  Marie  J.  Edgard 
Miss  Janet  Fish 
Mrs.  James  Carroll  Frazer 
Miss  Helen  Clay  Frick 
Mrs.  Homer  Gage 
Miss  Mary  Garden 
Miss  Grace  Gassette 
Mrs.  James  W.  Gerard 
Mrs.  Knie  Gordon 
Mrs.  Emily  F.  Griggs 


C1393 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 


Miss  F.  Hamilton-Shields 
Mrs.  H.  H.  Harjes 
Mrs.  H.  O.  Havemeyer 
Mrs.  Lucy  Work  Hewitt 
Mrs.  John  Jacob  Hoff 
Mrs.  Charles  Hoskier 
Mrs.  George  Howland 
Mrs.  Archer  M.  Huntington 
Mrs.  V.  B.  Judah 
Mrs.  Philip  Kilroy 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Klumpke 
Mrs.  Benjamin  G.  Lathrop 
Miss  Clara  E.  Laughlin 
Mrs.  Henry  P.  Loomis 
Dr.  Esther  Lovejoy 
Mrs.  Robert  Lovett 
Miss  Anna  McIntyre 
Mrs.  Daniel  Manning 
Miss  Mary  Martin 
Mrs.  Winifred  Holt 

Mather 
Mrs.  William  B.  Meloney 
Lady  Charles  Mendl 
Miss  Monica  A.  A.  Moore 
Miss  Anne  Morgan 
Mrs.  Henry  Morgenthau 
Miss  Emma  Morhard 
Mrs.  Henry  Morton 
Mrs.  T.  Bentley  Mott 
Mrs.  Ethelbert  Nevin 
Miss  Mary  Moore  Orr 
Mrs.  Potter  Palmer 


Miss  Elizabeth  B.  Perkins 
Mrs.  Edward  McClure 

Peters 
Mrs.  Charles  Prince 
Mrs.  Cornelia  B.  Sage 

Quinton 
Mrs.  Whitelaw  Reid 
Mrs.  Douglas  Robinson 
Miss  Elizabeth  Scarbor- 
ough 
Miss  Janet  Scudder 
Miss  Belle  Skinner 
Miss  Evelyn  G.  Smalley 
Mrs.  Joseph  Lindon  Smith 
Mrs.  Alma  de  Bretteville 

Spreckels 
Mrs.  Cornelius  Stevenson 
Mrs.  E.  Adolphe  Taufflieb 
Miss  Camilla  Treadwell 
Mrs.  Edward  Tuck 
Mrs.  William  Tuck 
Mrs.   George  M.  Tuttle 
Mrs.  Royall  Tyler 
Mrs.  Russell  Tyson 
Mrs.  W.  K.  Vanderbilt 
Mrs.  Evelyn  Walker 
Mrs.  E.  Berry  Wall 
Mrs.  Whitney  Warren 
Mrs.  Edith  Wharton 
Mrs.  Belle  Whitney 
Mrs.  Harry  Payne  Whitney 
Mrs.  Jane  M.  Whitney 


The  majority  of  these  women  did  not  wait  for  the 
United  States  to  enter  the  War  in  order  to  give  ma- 
terial evidence  of  their  sympathy  for  the  French 

D40H 


WOMEN  LEGIONNAIRES 

cause.  The  American  Hospital  at  Neuilly,  the 
American  Fund  for  French  Wounded,  the  War  Re- 
lief Clearing  House,  the  distribution  of  "La  Fayette 
kits,"  the  Duryea  War  Relief  Committee,  the  Hatton- 
Chatel  reconstruction;  the  American  hospitals  at 
Versailles,  Annel,  Pierrefonds,  Rueil,  and  Ris  Orangis ; 
the  American  ambulances,  the  Lighthouse  for  the 
Blind,  the  American  Society  for  the  Relief  of  French 
War  Orphans,  the  Bazaar  of  the  Allies  —  all  were 
due  to  the  initiative  of  American  women  who  refused 
to  be  neutral  and  gave  evidences  of  their  love  for 
France  from  the  very  outset  of  hostilities. 

Some  of  these  benefactions  represent  collective 
efforts  in  which  many  workers  were  active  under 
competent  and  enthusiastic  leadership.  Others,  like 
the  Stell  Hospital  at  Rueil,  near  Paris,  are  the  ex- 
pression of  the  good-will  and  charitableness  of  a 
single  individual.  The  Stell  Hospital,  entirely 
equipped  and  totally  maintained  by  Mrs.  Edward 
Tuck,  who  endowed  it  with  a  gift  of  5,000,000 
francs  in  French  rentes,  is  also  a  permanent  bene- 
faction, its  work  of  caring  for  grands  blesses  during 
the  war  being  continued  to-day  and  for  all  time  with 
the  civilian  population  of  Rueil  as  its  beneficiaries. 

Altho  not  properly  recognized  as  part  of  the  Order, 
the  decorations  awarded  to  the  women  rendering 
distinguished  service  in  connection  with  the  schools 
at  Ecouen,  Les  Loges,  and  Saint-Denis  partake  in  a 

C141 1 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

measure  of  the  prestige  attaching  to  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  The  ribbon  is  of  the  same  color,  and  the 
words  "Legion  d'Honneur"  and  "Honneur  et  Patrie" 
are  inscribed  on  the  reverse  of  the  medal.  Since  1881 
this  cross  is  a  five-pointed  star  in  white  enamel  with  a 
blue  enameled  center,  the  whole  depended  from 
crossed  academic  palms. 

Previously,  from  1857  on,  the  decoration  was  a 
white  cross  with  gold  rays  and  an  oval  medallion  in 
the  center  containing  a  picture  of  the  Virgin  on  a 
gold  background.  The  reverse  of  this  medallion 
carried  the  inscription  "Honneur  et  Patrie"  circled 
with  the  letters  forming  the  legend  "Legion  d'Hon- 
neur." 

When  this  decoration  was  first  instituted  in  18 16 
it  consisted  of  a  white  enameled  cross  surmounted 
by  the  royal  crown  and  having  within  its  angles  the 
royal  emblem  of  the  fleur-de-lis.  In  the  center  was 
a  picture  of  the  Virgin  with  the  inscription  "God, 
King,  and  Country;"  on  the  reverse  were  the  arms  of 
France,  three  golden  fleurs-de-lis  on  a  blue  ground  and 
the  inscription  "Maison  Royale  de  Saint-Denis." 
The  ribbon  was  of  white  moire  silk  with  a  wide 
crimson  edge. 

The  members  of  the  faculty  of  the  three  schools  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  carry  this  decoration  in  a  manner 
to  indicate  a  difference  in  grades.  The  Superinten- 
dent of  the  Saint-Denis  school  wears  hers  attached  to 

CH2  3 


WOMEN  LEGIONNAIRES 

the  ribbon  of  Grand  Cross  worn  transversely  from 
shoulder  to  hip.  The  Intendants  of  Ecouen  and  Les 
Loges,  the  General  Secretary  of  the  Council,  the 
Director  of  Studies  at  Saint-Denis,  wear  theirs  sus- 
pended to  the  ribbon  of  Commander  worn  around 
the  neck.  The  Under-Director  of  Studies  at  Saint- 
Denis,  the  Directors  of  Studies  at  Ecouen  and  Les 
Loges  wear  it  over  the  left  breast  suspended  to  the 
ribbon  of  Officer.  All  others  wear  it  over  the  left 
breast  suspended  to  the  ribbon  of  Chevalier. 

The  rules  do  not  permit  the  wearing  of  the  decora- 
tion outside  of  the  school.  However,  in  the  case  of  an 
instructor  leaving  the  school  after  twenty  years'  ser- 
vice she  may  be  authorized  to  wear  it  in  civil  life 
upon  the  approval  of  the  Grand  Chancellor  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  In  1873  Mme.  Roedel,  who  had 
been  a  junior  teacher  at  Saint-Denis,  was  authorized 
to  wear  her  decoration  on  the  occasion  of  her  marriage 
to  Victor  Duruy,  the  famous  historian  and  former 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction.  At  State  funerals  in 
which  the  ladies  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  participate, 
they  are  also  authorized  to  wear  their  decorations. 

The  women  chosen  to  direct  the  Legion  of  Honor 
schools  and  instruct  the  students  thereof  enjoy  a 
merited  prestige,  and  many  of  them  have  been  dis- 
tinguished by  birth  and  talent.  In  addition  to  Mme. 
Campan,  the  following  at  various  times  have  directed 
the  studies  of  these  schools:    Baroness  du  Bouzet 

CHS] 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

(1816),  Countess  du  Quengo  (1820),  Baroness  de  Bour- 
going  (1837),  Baroness  d'Hannery  (185 1),  Baroness 
Daumesnil  (1869),  Mme.  Le  Ray,  widow  of  Admiral 
Le  Ray  (1887),  Mme.  Ryckebusch  (1888).  Mme. 
Ryckebusch  had  spent  all  her  life  practically  on  the 
educational  staff  of  Saint-Denis,  which  she  entered  in 
1855  as  a  pupil  and  in  1862  as  a  junior  instructor, 
and  upon  her  retirement  in  1896  she  was  awarded 
the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  distinction  then 
conferred  upon  few  women. 


D44-H 


X 
HELP    FOR    THE    NEEDY 

Legion  of  Honor  not  a  charitable  or  benevolent 
institution  —  Creation  in  192  i  of  Societe  d'Entr'aide 
des  Membres  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur  —  Provides  for 
help  to  needy  legionnaires  and  their  widows  and 
orphans  —  Supported  entirely  by  donations  —  Ameri- 
cans    INVITED     TO     JOIN SlMILAR     SOCIETY     TO     ASSIST 

GRADUATES    OF    EcOUEN,    SaINT-DeNIS,    AND    LeS    LoGES 
FOUNDED  IN  1 892. 


ZHSl 


X 

HELP  FOR  THE  NEEDY 

HE  Legion  of  Honor,  as  conceived  by 
Napoleon  when  he  distributed  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Order  into  sixteen  Cohorts 
owning  and  operating  grants  of  land  in 
various  parts  of  French  territory,  provided  houses  of 
refuge  and  hospitals  for  members  not  in  a  position  to 
maintain  themselves  at  the  end  of  their  days;  but 
this  feature  was  never  in  reality  fully  established,  and 
the  Order  has  been,  and  still  is,  not  a  benevolent  or 
charitable  institution,  but  an  honorific  one,  bringing 
spiritual  rather  than  material  reward. 

The  military  members  do  receive  a  monetary 
annuity,  ranging  from  two  hundred  and  fifty  francs 
for  a  Chevalier  to  three  thousand  francs  for  a  Grand 
Cross.  This  allocation  ceases,  however,  at  the  death 
of  the  Legionnaire,  and  because  in  the  past  cases  have 
been  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Grand  Chancellery 
of  widows  and  orphans  of  Legionnaires  living  in 
actual  want,  a  special  fund  has  been  created  for  the 
relief  of  such  cases,  most  of  the  money  being  derived 
through  a  surplus  resulting  from  the  fees  for  diplomas 

c  147-3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

received  by  the  Chancellery.  These  grants,  however, 
have  no  continuing  quality  and  must  be  applied  for 
and  renewed  from  year  to  year. 

Until  the  World  War  these  grants  to  widows  and 
orphans  did  not  exceed  an  average  of  50,000  francs  a 
year,  but  such  was  the  distress  created  by  the  war 
and  the  decreased  purchasing  power  of  the  franc  that 
a  private  mutual-aid  society  was  created  in  1921  for 
the  purpose  of  extending  help,  not  only  to  the  widows 
and  orphans  of  Legionnaires,  but  to  members  of  the 
Order  finding  themselves  in  want.  This  society, 
called  Societe  d'Entr'aide  des  Membres  de  la  Legion 
d'Honneur,  created  upon  the  initiative  of  General 
Dubail,  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Order,  procures 
an  asylum  for  superannuated  Legionnaires  in  im- 
poverished circumstances  and  hospital  care  for 
members  in  need  of  medical  treatment.  There  is  also 
in  the  by-laws  a  clause  providing  for  the  giving  of 
financial  aid  by  the  advancing  of  funds,  without 
interest,  to  meet  emergency  demands  created  by  un- 
foreseen circumstances.  There  is  also  a  bureau  which 
seeks  to  find  employment  of  a  suitable  character  for 
Legionnaires  applying  for  placement.  This  bureau 
also  tries  to  obtain  scholarships  for  sons  of  deceased 
Legionnaires  who  are  unable  to  complete  their  educa- 
tion because  of  financial  reverses. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  society  was  held  in  October, 
1 92 1,  under  the  auspices  of  Alexander  Millerand,  then 

r.1483 


GENERAL  DUBAIL 
Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  since  191: 


HELP  FOR  THE  NEEDY 

President  of  the  Republic.  At  that  time  three  classes 
of  members  were  created :  Membres  Titulaires,  open 
to  French  members  of  the  Legion;  Membres  Ad- 
herents, open  to  widows  and  fatherless  children  of 
members;  and  Foreign  Members,  open  to  foreigners 
decorated  with  the  Order  and  belonging  to  countries 
with  which  France  maintains  diplomatic  relations. 
These  members  pay  an  annual  fee  of  ten  francs,  but 
widows,  orphans,  and  members  badly  mutilated  in 
the  war,  may  be  exempted  from  payment  of  dues 
upon  written  application. 

As  the  regular  annual  membership  dues  would 
produce  a  sum  altogether  inadequate  for  the  Society's 
purposes,  the  by-laws  provide  that  individuals  who 
make  important  gifts  or  render  notable  services  to 
the  society  shall  have  conferred  upon  them  the  title 
of  Benefactor,  or  Donor.  Among  the  benefactors  who 
came  to  the  aid  of  the  society  from  the  moment  of 
its  creation  may  be  mentioned  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Horeau 
de  Bonnefene,  who  donated  200,000  francs,  together 
with  their  town  residence  in  Paris  and  a  large  country 
estate  at  Pau.  A  gift  of  100,000  francs  was  also  made 
to  the  Society  by  Mr.  Darracq,  head  of  the  famous 
automobile  firm.  Gifts  of  10,000  francs  were  made 
by  a  number  of  French  financial  houses  and  large 
industrial  organizations,  and  a  few  individual  donors 
—  among  them  Basil  Zaharoff,  M.  Doistau,  Louis 
Renault,  the  Baron  de  Rothschild,  M.  Deutsch  de  la 

IT  H9  H 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

Meurthe,  David  Weill,  M.  Cartier,  Baron  Gerard, 
Alexander  Girous,  Louis  Croissant,  M.  Menier, 
Maurice  Delestre  —  contributed  sums  in  excess  of 
one  thousand  francs.  A  gala  performance  given  at 
the  Opera  and  attended  by  all  the  notables  of  France 
yielded  a  benefit  of  132,000  francs. 

Altho  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  appeal  to 
foreign  Legionnaires,  a  number  of  them  have,  of 
their  own  initiative  sent  important  contributions. 
Among  the  Americans  listed  as  Donors  may  be  men- 
tioned William  Nelson  Cromwell,  Robert  J.  Cuddihy, 
Augustus  C.  Gurnee,  Eugene  Higgins,  Otto  Kahn, 
W.  Francklyn  Paris,  Percy  Peixotto,  Miss  Belle 
Skinner,  William  Skinner,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Edward 
Tuck.  Other  foreign  Legionnaires  in  this  list  include 
the  Earl  of  Granard;  General  Menoc*aI,  of  Cuba; 
M.  Theunis,  Premier  of  Belgium;  M.  Belisario  Porras, 
President  of  Panama;  the  Prince  of  Monaco;  Mr.  T. 
G.  Masaryk,  President  of  Czecho-SIovakia. 

In  some  countries  local  committees  were  formed 
which  collected  funds  from  Legionnaires  of  that 
particular  country.  The  Legionnaires  in  the  King- 
dom of  Serbs,  Croats,  and  Slovenes  sent  10,000  francs 
to  the  society.  A  similar  sum  was  sent  by  the 
Danish  Legionnaires  through  the  medium  of  the 
Minister  of  France  at  Copenhagen.  The  Legion- 
naires in  the  Argentine  sent  9,710  francs,  those  of 
Holland,  12,000  francs. 

D50H 


HELP  FOR  THE  NEEDY 

In  its  financial  report  for  1926  the  Society  showed 
2,256,849  fcs.  in  the  treasury.  This  report  revealed 
that  it  had  distributed  during  the  year,  in  the  form  of 
gifts  or  loans,  218,377  fcs.  Relief  gifts,  averaging 
372  fcs.  each  and  amounting  to  209,007  fcs.,  were 
distributed  among  556  deserving  cases.  As  to  loans, 
40,300  fcs.  was  advanced,  the  maximum  in  any  one 
case  being  1,000  francs.  The  Legionnaires  listed  as 
members  of  the  Society  in  November  1926  numbered 
35,606. 

The  Society  is  under  the  highest  patronage  and  de- 
serves to  be  helped  by  American  Legionnaires.  The 
invitation  to  join  the  society  was  originally  signed 
by  President  Millerand,  Premier  Poincare,  Ambas- 
sador Herrick,  Marshals  Petain,  Joffre,  Foch,  Fran- 
chet  d'Esperey,  Lyautey,  FayoIIe,  General  Gouraud, 
and  General  Dubail.  A  donation  of  200  francs  ranks 
one  as  a  life  member,  but  it  is  hoped  that  all  American 
Legionnaires  in  a  position  to  do  so,  will  want  to 
qualify  as  Donors.  This  involves  contributing  »one 
thousand  francs.  Applications  for  membership  should 
be  made  to  the  general  secretary  of  the  society,  1  Rue 
Solferino,  Paris,  or  to  the  author  of  this  volume,  who 
will  be  glad  to  send  application  blanks. 

Another  private  society  pertaining  to  the  Legion 
of  Honor,  yet  not  of  it,  is  the  Association  of  Legion  of 
Honor  Alumnae,  created  in  1892  for  the  purpose  of 
doing  for  the  young  graduates  of  Ecouen,  Les  Loges, 

C150 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

and  Saint-Denis  what  the  Societe  d'Entr'aide  plans 
to  do  for  the  aged  and  infirm.  It  has  a  placement 
bureau  which  endeavors  to  find  employment  for 
young  girls  in  need  of  work,  and  also  a  system  of 
loans  and  financial  aid  based  upon  a  capital  of  about 
500,000  francs  assembled  through  dues  and  donations 
from  nearly  4,000  members.  These  are  recruited  not 
only  from  former  pupils  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 
schools,  but  from  among  the  wives  of  Legionnaires 
in  affluent  circumstances  who  have  not  had  to  send 
their  daughters  to  these  institutions. 

The  resources  of  the  association,  which  were  less 
than  20,000  francs  in  1892,  had  grown  to  415,000 
francs  by  191 2.  Recent  detailed  figures  are  not  avail- 
able, but  the  assets  of  the  association  are  constantly 
on  the  increase,  and  its  ability  to  extend  aid  to  its 
wards  grows  in  proportion.  Its  disbursements  in  the 
form  of  gifts  now  average  30,000  francs  a  year,  while  a 
similar  sum  is  expended  in  loans  and  the  purchase  of 
materials  (textiles,  millinery  supplies,  etc.)  furnished 
to  young  women  eking  a  meager  livelihood  by  needle- 
work done  at  home. 

The  case  of  those  who  become  beneficiaries  of  the 
Association  of  Alumnae  or  of  the  Societe  d'Entr'aide 
is  particularly  sad,  since  they  belong  to  the  so-called 
white-collar  class  and  are  themselves,  if  not  members, 
at  least  wives  or  daughters  of  members  —  wives  or 
daughters   of  men   whose   pride   has   been   exalted 

D523 


HELP  FOR  THE  NEEDY 

by  the  wearing  of  a  mark  of  distinction  which  singled 
them  out  as  having  done  something  beyond  the  ordi- 
nary and  generally  of  a  heroic  nature.  Such  women 
and  such  men  cannot  consent  to  become  chamber- 
maids or  crossing-sweepers.  They  owe  it  to  them- 
selves and  to  the  Order  to  which  they  belong  to 
conceal  their  decadence,  and  many  suffer  in  silence 
rather  than  confess  failure. 

These  two  societies,  therefore,  exercise  great  dis- 
cretion, and  nothing  is  done  that  could  in  any  way 
humiliate  those  they  seek  to  help.  The  names  of 
individuals  applying  for  assistance  and  receiving  it 
are  not  made  public,  and  the  loans  that  are  made 
are  made  "upon  honor"  and  without  any  publicity. 


t:i53  3 


XI 

AMERICAN    SOCIETY    OF    THE 
FRENCH     LEGION    OF    HONOR 

The  American  Society  of  the  French  Legion  of 
Honor  —  Earlier  attempts  to  organize  a  similar 
society  —  Cooperation  of  Ambassador  Jusserand  — 
Correspondence  between  W.  Francklyn  Paris  and 
Ambassador  Herrick  —  List  of  founders  —  Ambassa- 
dor Jusserand  compliments  Mr.  Paris  —  First  officers 
and  directors. 


Z155I 


XI 

AMERICAN  SOCIETY  OF  THE  FRENCH  LEGION  OF 

HONOR 

HE  action  of  the  French  Government  in 
conferring  upon  foreigners  achieving  dis- 
tinction in  the  arts,  or  science,  or  the  pro- 
fessions, the  insignia  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  resulted  in  the  creation  of  a  company  of 
American  Legionnaires  which  has  been  growing 
steadily  in  numbers  until  the  aggregate  now  is  in 
excess  of  nineteen  hundred. 

The  Americans  upon  whom  France  conferred  its 
national  order  constitute  a  certain  intellectual  elite, 
which  includes  famous  inventors,  eminent  scientists, 
distinguished  authors,  artists,  educators,  lawyers, 
statesmen,  and  diplomatists.  Since  the  war,  military 
and  naval  men  have  been  added  to  this  list  in  great 
numbers,  as  have  occasional  war  heroes  to  whom  the 
cross  was  awarded  for  military  valor. 

The  idea  of  grouping  these  notables  in  a  social 
organization  in  the  nature  of  a  college  fraternity  or  a 
society  like  that  of  the  Cincinnati,  appealed  to  many 
upon  whom  the  decoration  had  been  conferred,  and 
several  times  the  project  was  started  —  only  to  be 

C1573 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

abandoned  later  for  reasons  of  petty  jealousy  or  lack 
of  interest. 

The  most  ambitious  of  these  efforts  was  made  in 
1902,  when  Mr.  James  Hazen  Hyde  gave  a  banquet 
in  New  York  to  the  French  Ambassador  of  that 
period,  Jules  Cambon,  and  where  a  tentative  program 
was  privately  discussed.  At  that  time  the  number 
of  Americans  decorated  with  the  Legion  of  Honor  was 
less  than  five  hundred,  and  that  may  have  been  one 
reason  why  Mr.  Hyde  was  not  successful  in  organiz- 
ing his  proposed  Society  of  American  Legionnaires. 

Several  years  later  an  effort  was  made  by  Professor 
James  H.  Gore,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  who  subse- 
quently published  a  directory  listing  the  citizens  of 
the  United  States  decorated  by  France  with  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  Mr.  Gore's  book  listed  1,750  Ameri- 
cans who  were  entitled  at  that  time  (19 19)  to  wear  the 
Legion  of  Honor  insignia. 

On  November  8,  1922,  on  the  occasion  of  a  visit  by 
the  author  of  this  book  to  Ambassador  Jusserand  in 
Washington,  the  idea  was  again  taken  up.  The 
ambassador  endorsed  the  idea,  but  expressed  a  doubt 
as  to  its  practicability,  citing  among  other  obstacles 
the  fact  that  the  American  members  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  were  widely  scattered  over  the  entire 
United  States  and  that  at  no  time  would  it  be  possible 
to  assemble  two  hundred  of  them  at  any  meeting  or 
ceremony. 

D583 


THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY 

When  it  was  pointed  out  that  the  same  objection 
might  be  raised  in  connection  with  the  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati  or  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  Mr. 
Jusserand  gave  way  and  promised  to  do  all  in  his 
power  to  facilitate  the  formation  of  the  proposed 
society. 

As   the  society  was   to   be   recruited  exclusively 

among  Americans,  and  as  it  was  desired  to  free  it 

completely  from  French  influence  and  control,  Mr. 

Jusserand's  aid  was  purely  moral,  and  long  months 

of     personal     correspondence     with     distinguished 

American    Legionnaires    was    necessary    before   the 

project  could  be  said  to  be  under  way.    Mr.  Jusserand 

consented  to  be  honorary  president  of  the  society, 

and  on  November  16,  1922,  the  American  ambassador 

to  France,  the  Honorable  Myron  T.  Herrick,  was 

asked  to  accept  a  similar  position  —  in  the  following 

terms : 

November  16,  1922. 
Ambassador  Myron  T.  Herrick, 

U.  S.  Embassy,  Paris. 
My  dear  Ambassador: 

I  know  that  you  are  keen  about  taking  part  in  any  movement 
that  has  as  its  object  the  welfare  of  France. 

Can  I  count  on  you,  therefore,  to  become  an  honorary  presi- 
dent of  an  association  which  is  to  be  recruited  from  several 
hundred  Americans  upon  whom  France  has  conferred  the  Cross 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor? 

Your  name  will  secure  for  the  association  the  adhesion  of 
every  man  and  woman  in  the  United  States  authorized  to  wear 
the  red  ribbon. 

C1593 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

The  French  Ambassador  as  well  as  Mr.  Liebert,  the  French 
Consul-General  at  New  York,  have  accepted  to  hold  honorary 
offices  and  I  count  on  President  Butler  of  Columbia  University 
to  act  as  President  of  the  Society.  The  other  officers  of  this 
association  and  the  members  of  the  Committees  on  organiza- 
tion, etc.,  will  be  chosen  with  the  same  care,  and  will  be  men 
occupying  positions  of  prominence  in  the  business  or  profes- 
sional world  and  life  of  the  United  States. 

The  object  of  this  association  is  the  grouping  together  of 
individuals  of  influence  who  admire  French  qualities  and  are 
willing  to  champion  the  French  cause  whenever  the  need  for 
such  defense  arises.  Eventually,  it  is  proposed  to  issue  a 
monthly  or  quarterly  bulletin,  and  hope  is  also  entertained  of 
permanent  headquarters,  made  available  through  the  generosity 
of  some  wealthy  Legionnaire. 

In  the  hope  that  you  will  grant  the  use  of  your  name  and 
thereby  enhance  the  prestige  which  we  wish  to  give  the  associa- 
tion, I  remain, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 
(Signed)    W.  F.  Paris. 

To  this  letter  Ambassador  Herrick  replied  under 

the  date  of  January  16,  1923,  as  follows: 

My  dear  Mr.  Paris: 

I  deeply  appreciate  the  honor  which  you  confer  upon  me  in 
inviting  me  to  serve  as  Honorary  President  of  an  association  of 
the  Americans  upon  whom  France  has  bestowed  the  cross  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor,  which  you  are  contemplating  forming  in 
America.  I  should  be  pleased  to  forward  the  interests  of  any 
society  which  has  for  its  aim  "to  champion  the  French  cause 
whenever  the  need  for  such  defense  arises."  I  wish  you  all 
success  in  this  admirable  undertaking  and  I  am  sure  that  this 
association,  with  which  I  am  pleased  to  be  identified  in  this 
flattering  way,  is  destined  to  fulfil  a  worthy  and  useful  mission. 

With  kind  regards,  believe  me, 

Sincerely  yours, 
(Signed)  Myron  T.  Herrick. 

C160H 


THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY 

President  Nicholas  Murray  Butler  could  not  be 
prevailed  upon  to  accept  the  active  direction  of  the 
society  in  the  United  States,  but  acceptances  to  act 
as  founder-members  had  been  received  from  such  a 
distinguished  group  of  men  that  there  was  no  longer 
any  doubt  as  to  the  eventual  success  of  the  society. 

In  the  meantime  three  other  separate  efforts  were 
being  made  to  organize  an  association  of  American 
Legionnaries,  and  much  tact  was  needed  to  avoid 
conflict  and  prevent  confusion.  In  the  spring  of  1924 
Mr.  Barr  Ferree  announced  the  formation  of  what 
was  to  be  "The  Legion  of  Honor  Society  in  the 
United  States."  Mr.  Ferree  had  even  prepared  a 
draft  of  the  constitution  of  the  society  and  had 
nominated  the  first  set  of  officers. 

Working  solely  among  women  members  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  Mrs.  Leland  Cofer  in  1924  had 
also  progressed  far  in  the  organization  of  an  associa- 
tion of  American  women  entitled  to  wear  the  red 
ribbon.  The  Hon.  McDougal  Hawkes  had  also 
entered  the  formative  period  of  an  organization  in- 
tended to  bring  together  the  Americans  decorated  by 
France.  All  three  of  these  projects  were  abandoned 
when  it  was  seen  that  the  organization  launched  in 
1922  was  ready  to  function. 

It  was  not  until  August  1,  1924,  however,  that 
the  following  letter  to  Ambassador  Jusserand  could 
be  written: 

D60 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

My  dear  Ambassador: 

I  am  happy  to  report  that  after  nearly  two  years  of  letter- 
writing  and  the  interviewing  of  a  great  many  distinguished 
but  busy  personalities,  I  have  been  able  to  accomplish 
the  bringing  together  in  a  representative  association  of  those 
Americans  upon  whom  France  has  conferred  the  Legion  of 
Honor. 

Since  conferring  with  you  about  this  project  in  November, 
1922,  I  have  had  to  overcome  a  great  deal  of  inertia  on  the 
part  of  a  number  of  prominent  Legionnaires,  and  the  fact 
that  the  idea  had  been  mooted  several  times  before,  and  always 
without  result,  was  a  brake  that  at  times  seriously  impeded  my 
efforts. 

I  knew,  however,  that  I  had  your  endorsement  and  that 
buoyed  me  up.  To-day,  thanks  to  your  encouragement  and 
the  cooperation  of  such  men  as  Mr.  Guthrie,  Mr.  Gilbert,  Mr. 
Wickersham,  Dr.  van  Dyke,  and  Dr.  Finley,  the  American 
Society  of  the  French  Legion  of  Honor  is  an  accomplished  fact, 
and  a  new  bond  has  been  created  to  bind  closer  together  France 
and  the  United  States. 

I  am  sending  you  the  text  of  the  incorporation  papers. 
Those  who  stood  sponsors  for  the  new  society,  as  incorporators, 
were:  John  H.  Finley,  James  W.  Gerard,  Cass  Gilbert,  George 
W.  Goethals,  William  D.  Guthrie,  Bishop  Manning,  Edward 
R.  Stettinius,  George  W.  Wickersham,  and  your  humble 
servant. 

The  by-laws  of  the  society,  not  yet  adopted,  have  a  clause 
making  election  conditional  upon  a  two-thirds  vote.  This  is 
in  keeping  with  the  practise  of  all  American  social  or  fraternal 
associations  and  is  in  no  sense  an  attempt  at  making  the 
society  an  exclusive  affair.  In  principle  all  Legionnaires  will 
be  admitted  to  membership  and  it  will  take  a  good  and  valid 
reason  to  move  one-third,  and  more  than  one-third  of  the 
Board  to  exclude  an  applicant.  Personal  enmity  of  one  or  two 
members  will  be  ineffectual  in  keeping  a  proposed  Legionnaire 
out  of  the  society. 

The  meeting  for  the  election  of  officers  and  directors  will 

£1623 


THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY 

be  held  in  September  and  I  will  keep  you  informed  of  develop- 
ments as  they  occur. 

With  best  personal  regards,  believe  me, 

Yours  most  sincerely, 
(Signed)     W.  F.  Paris. 

The  first  election  of  officers  and  directors  was  held 
on  October  9,  1924,  in  the  writer's  studio,  then  at 
53  West  39th  Street,  New  York,  and  resulted  in  the 
choice  of  the  following: 

President  dHHonneur 

J.  J.  JUSSERAND 

President 
Myron  T.  Herrick 

Vice-Presidents 
Cass  Gilbert  Henry  T.  Mayo 

Wm.  Nelson  Cromwell  John  F.  O'Ryan 

William  D.  Guthrie  George  W.  Wickersham 

John  Grier  Hibben 

Secretary  and  Treasurer 
W.  Francklyn  Paris 

Directors 

William  W.  Atterbury  William  D.  Guthrie 

James  M.  Beck  Myron  T.  Herrick 

Frederic  R.  Coudert  John  Grier  Hibben 

William  H.  Crocker  William  T.  Manning 

Wm.  Nelson  Cromwell  Henry  T.  Mayo 
Frederick  Cunliffe-Owen     John  F.  O'Ryan 

Chauncey  M.  Depew  W.  Francklyn  Paris 

Pierre  S.  duPont  Frank  D.  Pavey 

John  H.  Finley  Edward  R.  Stettinius 

James  W.  Gerard  Henry  van  Dyke 

Cass  Gilbert  Samuel  M.  Vauclain 

George  W.  Goethals  George  W.  Wickersham 

D633 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

Mr.  William  D.  Guthrie,  a  former  president  of  the 
Bar  Association  of  New  York  and  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  lawyers  of  the  United  States,  assumed 
the  task  of  drawing  up  the  constitution  and  by-laws 
of  the  society  and  donated  his  services  in  getting  the 
society  incorporated.  The  writer  gave  the  use  of  his 
business  office  to  the  society  for  its  headquarters, 
and  dues  were  fixed  at  five  dollars  a  year  to  cover 
printing,  postage,  and  clerical  expenses. 

The  incorporation  papers  were  approved  by  Rich- 
ard P.  Lydon,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  July  17,  1924,  and  were  filed 
with  the  Secretary  of  State  of  New  York  on  August 
2,  1924,  with  the  following  signing  as  incorporators: 
John  H.  Finley,  James  W.  Gerard,  Cass  Gilbert, 
George  W.  Goethals,  William  D.  Guthrie,  William  T. 
Manning,  Edward  R.  Stettinius,  George  W.  Wicker- 
sham,  and  W.  Francklyn  Paris. 

The  objects  and  purpose  of  the  society  are  stated 
in  the  certificate  of  incorporation  as  follows : 

(a)  To  provide  a  social  and  fraternal  medium  by  which  mem- 
bers of  the  French  Order  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  who  are 
resident  in  the  United  States  may  cooperate  in  taking 
such  action  as  from  time  to  time  shall  seem  to  them  likely 
to  promote  and  uphold  the  prestige  and  standards  of 
said  Order. 

(b)  To  encourage  in  the  United  States  studies  relating  to 
France,  its  customs  and  people;  to  promote  appreciation 
in  the  United  States  of  French  works,  and  in  France  of 
American  works,  and  generally  do  everything  tending  to 


THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY 


strengthen  friendship  between  the  peoples  of  the  United 
States  of  America  and  France, 
(c)  To  acquire  such  property,  real  or  personal,  as  may  be 
expedient  for  the  due  and  proper  fulfilment  of  these  pur- 
poses. 

The  American  Legionnaires  who  accepted  the  invi- 
tation to  become  founder-members  of  the  society  were: 
Rev.  Dr.  Henry  van  Dyke     Rt.  Rev.  William  T.  Manning 


John  H.  Finley 
Cass  Gilbert 
Rodman  Wanamaker 
George  W.  Wickersham 
Wm.  D,  Guthrie 
Samuel  M.  Vauclain 
Franklin  d'Olier 
John  Grier  Hibben 
Frederick  MacMonnies 
William  Skinner 
W.  DeLancey  Kountze 
Thomas  Hastings 
Daniel  Chester  French 
Frederic  R.  Coudert 
Livingston  Farrand 
Charles  M.  Schwab 
Admiral  Henry  T.  Mayo 
Major  U.  S.  Grant,  3rd 
George  Eastman 
Paul  W.  Bartlett 
William  H.  Crocker 
Edward  Tuck 
Chauncey  M.  Depew 
Arthur  Woods 
John  Foster  Dulles 
Dr.  William  W.  Keen 
Dr.  William  H.  Welch 
David  Jayne  Hill 


John  F.  O'Ryan 

William  J.  Wilgus 

John  B.  Cauldwell 

Rt.  Rev.  James  H.  Darlington 

Hanford  MacNider 

George  W.  Goethals 

Robert  Underwood  Johnson 

James  W.  Gerard 

John  J.  Carty 

William  W.  Atterbury 

Admiral  Henry  B.  Wilson 

Admiral  William  S.  Benson 

Clarence  H.  Mackay 

Pierre  S.  duPont 

Rev.  F.  Landon  Humphreys 

Gen.  Robert  Alexander 

Frank  D.  Pavey 

John  H.  Fahey 

John  H.  Wigmore 

Edward  R.  Stettinius 

Gari  Melchers 

Frederick  Cunliffe-Owen 

Dwight  W.  Morrow 

Wm.  Nelson  Cromwell 

James  K.  Hackett 

Ogden  Reid 

Thomas  Lamont 


C1653 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

Thanks  to  the  active  cooperation  of  these  men  of 
high  character  and  influence,  and  also  to  the  moral 
support  of  Ambassador  Jusserand  and  former  Consul- 
General  Gaston  Liebert,  now  Minister  Plenipoten- 
tiary, the  American  Society  of  the  French  Legion  of 
Honor  was  organized  and  a  new  monument  to  Franco- 
American  amity  erected  on  a  firm  base.  Mr.  Jusse- 
rand on  October  10,  1924,  in  answer  to  a  telegram 
announcing  the  results  of  the  first  organization 
meeting  of  the  society,  sent  the  kindly  letter  that 
follows : 

My  dear  Mr.  Paris: 

Your  telegram  is  most  welcome,  and  1  doubt  not  that,  born 
under  such  auspices,  so  well  officered,  and  everybody  animated 
by  such  a  sincere  good  will,  the  Society  will  do  excellent  work  and 
be  an  honor  to  its  promoters  and  founders  and  especially  to 
its  secretary. 

I  see  that  the  fusion  has  been  accomplished  and  that  no  rival 
society  is  to  be  feared. 

I  offer  you  my  heart-felt  thanks  and  compliments  and  beg 
you  to  believe  me, 

Most  sincerely  yours, 
(Signed)     Jusserand. 

If  any  impression  has  been  created  through  the 
reproduction  of  this  correspondence  that  the  writer 
claims  for  himself  unusual  credit  for  the  formation  of 
the  Society,  let  it  be  stated  once  for  all  that  nothing  is 
further  from  his  intention.  Without  the  continuous 
and  almost  week-to-week  encouragement  and  co- 
operation of  such  men  as  George  W.  Wickersham, 

D66] 


THE  AMERICAN  SOCIETY 

William  D.  Guthrie,  Rodman  Wanamaker,  Cass 
Gilbert,  Frederic  Coudert,  General  Goethals,  William 
Nelson  Cromwell,  Ambassadors  Gerard  and  Johnson, 
John  H.  Finley,  Henry  van  Dyke,  and  Ambassador 
Jusserand,  the  writer  would  not  have  been  able  to 
realize  his  purpose,  and  he  does  not  hesitate  to  make 
public  acknowledgment  of  this  fact.  The  American 
Society  of  the  French  Legion  of  Honor  is  a  success 
because  it  is  not  a  one-man  organization.  It  is  the 
expression  of  a  collective  sentiment  of  sympathy  for 
France,  and  of  loyalty  to  the  principles  underlying 
the  French  National  Order. 


D673 


XII 
AMERICA'S    ROSTER 

Roster  of  Americans  upon  whom  France  has  con- 
ferred the  Legion  of  Honor,  compiled  from  official 
records  preserved  in  the  Grand  Chancellery  and 
going  back  to  i  87  i. 


1:1693 


ADDENDA 

LUCIUS  BOOMER 

JOHN   McENTEE  BOWMAN 

WILLIAM  C.   BREED 

C.  FRANK  CHICKERING 

WALTER  P.   COOKE 

ETHAN  ALLEN   DENNISON 

HERBERT  JOHN   DEUTZ 

WILLIAM  T.   DONNAT 

JAMES  STUART   DOUGLAS 

ARTHUR   HENRY   FLEMING 

HARRY  GLEMBY 

MRS.   FRANK  J.   GOULD 

THOMAS  D.   GREEN 

CHARLES  HANN,  JR. 

JOHN  HAY 

DAVID  E.   HUGHES 

ARCHER  MILTON   HUNTINGTON 

CHARLES   LALIER  LAWRENCE 

JOHN   H.   McFADDEN,   JR. 

JAY  JOHNSON   MORROW 

SIMON  NEWCOMB 

GEORGE   FRANKLIN   RAND 

MRS.  THEODORE  SELTZER 

E.  M.  STATLER 

THOMAS  GEORGE  STOCKHAUSEN 

GEORGE  W.  SWEENEY 

WILLIAM   GEORGE  UNGERER 

ARTHUR  WILLIAMS 


XII 

AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

HE  following  list  of  the  American  Legion- 
naires is  probably  incomplete,  particularly 
as  decorations  are  awarded  at  the  same 
time  by  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs 
direct  and  through  the  recommendation  of  the  French 
Ambassador  at  Washington.  It  has  occurred  that 
appointments  made  by  way  of  Washington  were 
months  in  reaching  the  Grand  Chancellery.  The  list 
as  given,  is  as  nearly  correct,  up  to  December  31, 
1927,  as  careful  examination  of  official  records  could 
make  it: 

HARRY  JEFFERSON  ABBETT 

EDWIN  A.  ABBEY 

LYMAN  ABBOTT 

HERBERT  A.  ABELE 

HERBERT  HAMILTON  ACHESON 

CHARLES  WALDO  ADAMS 

FRANK  HOWARD  ADAMS 

HERBERT  H.  ADAMS 

MILWARD  ADAMS 

KEITH  FRAZEE  ADAMSON 

JULIUS  OCHS  ADLER 

FELIX  AGNUS 

MILDRED  ALDRICH 

WILLIAM  T.  ALDRICH 

CHARLES  B.  ALEXANDER 

JAMES  STRANGE  ALEXANDER 

C1713 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

JAMES  THOMAS  ALEXANDER 

JOHN  W.  ALEXANDER 

ROBERT  ALEXANDER 

ROBERT  C.  ALEXANDER 

FREDERICK  M.  ALGER 

E.  G.  ALLEN 

FREDERICK  HOBBES  ALLEN 

HENRY  T.  ALLEN,  Jr. 

HENRY  TUREMAN  ALLEN 

OLIVER  ALLEN 

WALTER  C.  ALLEN 

EDWARD  PHELPS  ALLIS,  Jr. 

EDWARD  C.  ALLWORTH 

FRANK  ALTSCHUL 

CHARLES  W.  AMES 

JAMES  M.  ANDERS 

ALEXANDER  ANDERSON 

ELDON  ANDERSON 

GEORGE  S.  ANDERSON 

MILTON  H.  ANDERSON 

WILLIAM  F.  ANDERSON 

A.  PIATT  ANDREW 

AVERY  D.  ANDREWS 

LINCOLN  CLARK  ANDREWS 

MONTE  APPEL 

DONALD  ARMSTRONG 

EDWARD  COOKE  ARMSTRONG 

EDWIN  H.  ARMSTRONG 

FRANK  S.  ARMSTRONG 

MAITLAND  ARMSTRONG 

ALFRED  C.  ARNOLD 

ISAAC  SEABORN  ASHBURN 

PERCY  M.  ASHBURN 

T.  Q.  ASHBURN 

MRS.  GERTRUDE  ATHERTON 

BERT  M.  ATKINSON 

W.  W.  ATTERBURY 

WILLIAM  B.  ATWATER 

WILLIAM  GREENE  ATWOOD 

CHARLES  LOUIS  AUGER 


Cl?^] 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

GEORGE  PERCIVAL  AULD 
DWIGHT  E.  AULTMAN 
JOHN  T.  AXTON 

EDWIN  B.  BABBITT 

FRANK  L.  BABBOTT 

CONRAD  S.  BABCOCK 

EARLE  B.  BABCOCK 

JOHN  V.  BABCOCK 

WARREN  LA  VERNE  BABCOCK 

CHRISTIAN  A.  BACH 

JAMES  J.  BACH 

JULES  S.  BACHE 

MRS.  JULES  S.  BACHE 

HENRY  S.  BACON 

ROBERT  BACON 

MRS.  ROBERT  BACON 

L.  H.  BAEKELAND 

PAUL  FRANK  BAER 

CHARLES  JUSTIN  BAILEY 

ARTHUR  BAILLY-BLANCHARD 

WILLIAM  SEAMAN  BAINBRIDGE 

ABSALON  BAIRD 

ASHER  CARTER  BAKER 

FRANK  PARDEE  BALDWIN 

JAMES  MARK  BALDWIN 

WILLIAM  G.  BALL 

GEORGE  S.  BALLARD 

CHARLES  C.  BALLOU 

HORACE  BALSLEY 

FRANK  E.  BAMFORD 

HARRY  HILL  BANDHOLTZ 

MISS  EDITH  BANGS 

JOHN  KENDRICK  BANGS 

WILLIAM  BRODNAX  BANISTER 

C.  W.  BARBER 

HENRY  A.  BARBER,  Jr. 

ROBERT  F.  BARBER 

FRANK  LUSK  BARBOTT 

JAMES  ROBERTSON  BARBOUR 


C 1733 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

LORNE  WEBSTER  BARCLAY 

BYRON  LAKIN  BARGAR 

GEORGE  FREDERICK  BARKER 

JOHN  W.  BARKER 

ALBERT  H.  BARKLEY 

ALFRED  DICKINSON  BARKSDALE 

CHARLES  INMAN  BARNARD 

FREDERICK  AUGUSTUS  PORTER  BARNARD 

JULIUS  H.  BARNES 

GEORGE  BARNETT 

GEORGE  C.  BARNHARDT 

MALVERN  HILL  BARNUM 

DAVID  PRESCOTT  BARROWS 

SMITH  BARRY 

CHARLES  H.  BARTH 

G.  GORDON  BARTLETT 

MURRAY  BARTLETT 

PAUL  WAYLAND  BARTLETT 

S.  POTTER  BARTLEY 
HENRY    GEORGE  BARTOL 
ALFRED  I.  BARTON 
BERNARD  M.  BARUCH 
LOUIS  H.  BASH 
GEORGE  SHERMAN  BATCHELLER 
MISS  KATHERINE  BATCHELLER 
FREDERICK  BATE 
HENRY  E.  BATEMAN 
ALFRED  E.  BATES 
LINDON  WALLACE  BATES 
ROBERT  J.  BATES 
MARION  SOMERVILLE  BATTLE 

HAROLD  BAUER 

STUART  ALEXANDER  BAXTER 

MRS.  EDMUND  LINCOLN  BAYLIES 

HUGH  A.  BAYNE 

CHARLES  FISK  BEACH 

S.  H.  BEACH 
WILLIAM  D.  BEACH 
TARLETON  BEAN 
H.  I.  BEARSS 


[1743 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

H.  OSCAR  BEATTY 

JOHN  WESLEY  BEATTY 

LOUIS  DUDLEY  BEAUMONT 

JAMES  M.  BECK 

ROBERT  McC.  BECK,  Jr. 

ALFRED  COTTON  BEDFORD 

HENRY  EDWARD  BEDFORD,  Jr. 

BOYDEN  EUGENE  BEEBE 

FREDERICK  W.  BEEKMAN 

HENRY  BEEUWKES 

HERNAND  BEHN 

SOSTHENES  BEHN 

ALFRED  BEHREND 

AUGUST  F.  BEHRENDT 

DAVID  BELASCO 

CHAUNCEY  BELKNAP 

R.  R.  BELKNAP 

ALEXANDER  GRAHAM  BELL 

GEORGE  BELL,  Jr. 

HUGH  WALLACE  BELL 

JAMES  FORD  BELL 

PERRY  BELMONT 

DANIEL  WILLIAM  BENDER 

E.  RAYMOND  BENEDICT 

LAURENCE  VINCENT  BENET 

MRS.  LAURENCE  VINCENT  BENET 

RAY  N.  BENJAMIN 

JOHN  PHILIP  BENKARD 

JOHN  BRADBURY  BENNET 

LUCIUS  C.  BENNETT 

HOWARD  S.  BENNION 

STUART  BENSON 

WILLIAM  S.  BENSON 

HARWOOD  O.  BENTON 

HART  O.  BERG 

VIOLETTE  BERGERE 

MAXIMILIEN  D.  BERLITZ 

BENJAMIN  SCHOFIELD  BERRY 

GEORGE  L.  BERRY 

WALTER  VAN  RENSSELAER  BERRY 


D75  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

SAMUEL  READING  BERTRON 

WALTER  AUGUSTUS  BETHEL 

ARTHUR  DEAN  BEVAN 

H.  BEYLAND 

ERNEST  P.  BICKNELL 

CHARLES  J.  BIDDLE 

DAVID  H.  BIDDLE 

WILLIAM  SHEPARD  BIDDLE 

ALBERT  BIERSTADT 

A.  W.  K.  BILLINGS 

FERDINAND  E.  BING 

ERNEST  GREY  BINGHAM 

THEODORE  A.  BINGHAM 

HARRISON  K.  BIRD 

ROGERS  BIRNIE 

UPTON  BIRNIE,  Jr. 

HENRY  SINGLEWOOD  BISBING 

CLIFFORD  EDWARD  BISCHOFF 

HARRY  G.  BISHOP 

MISS  MARY  CUNNINGHAM  BISHOP 

WILLIAM  H.  BISHOP 

WM.  HERBERT  BIXBY 

GEORGE  W.  BLACKINTON 

PAUL  BLACKMAR 

FRANCIS  BLAIR-RIGGS 

EDMUND  MOLYNEUX  BLAKE 

JOSEPH  AUGUSTUS  BLAKE 

WILLIAM  PHIPPS  BLAKE 

DeWITT  BLAMER 

A.  BAILLY  BLANCHARD 

HAROLD  BLANCHARD 

CAROLL  T.  BLANCK 

LINDSEY  BLAYNEY 

ROBERT  WOODS  BLISS 

MRS.  ROBERT  WOODS  BLISS 

TASKER  H.  BLISS 

RUPERT  BLUE 

ALBERT  BLUM 

EDWARD  CHARLES  BLUM 

MRS.  R.  BLUM 


C176  3 


c 
.2 


-  a 

—  3 

ft  5 

S  g 

w  E 


0    -g 

51 


^     2 


"     o 
Z     o 

5    be 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

FERDINAND  BLUMENTHAL 

GEORGE  BLUMENTHAL 

MRS.  GEORGE  BLUMENTHAL 

ROBERT  BLY 

PIERRE  de  LAGARDE  BOAL 

THEODORE  DAVIS  BOAL 

LEON  EDOUARD  ANTOINE  BOCQUERAZ 

WILLIAM  BODINE 

FRANK  C.  BOGGS 

FRANK  C.  BOLLES 

LEMUEL  LEWIS  BOLLES 

RAYNAL  C.  BOLLING 

WILLIAM  PRESCOTT  BONBRIGHT 

ALFRED  J.  BOOTH 

EWING  E.  BOOTH 

WILLIS  HOLYOAKE  BOOTH 

HORACE  COREY  BOOZ 

LOUIS  BORSCH,  Jr. 

M.  BOSSANGE 

ALFRED  C.  BOSSOM 

WELLES  BOSWORTH 

W.  B.  BOURN 

JOSEPH  BAKER  BOURNE 

EDWARD  N.  BOWDITCH 

JOHN  F.  BOWIE 

ALBERT  J.  BOWLEY 

GEORGE  T.  BOWMAN 

CARL  BOYD 

WILLIAM  YOUNG  BOYD 

ROLAND  W.  BOYDEN 

WILBUR  F.  BOYLE 

FAY  WARRINGTON  BRABSOlSl 

JOSEPH  R.  BRABSON 

FRED  BRACKETT 

FRANCIS  BRADLEY 

JOHN  JEWSBURY  BRADLEY 

FRANCIS  M.  BRADY 

BLYTHE  WALKER  BRANCH 

CHARLES  LOUIS  EDOUARD  BRANDUS 

LOUIS  BRECHEMIN,  Jr. 


C1773 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

EDWARD  BRECK 

JOHN  CABELL  BRECKENRIDGE 

HERBERT  JAY  BREES 

CHARLES  HENRY  BRENT 

LEWIS  H.  BRERETON 

JAMES  E.  BRESLIN 

LLOYD  M.  BRETT 

SERENO  E.  BRETT 

EMILE  BREWER 

GUY  S.  BREWER 

JOHN  ROWE  BREWER 

WILLIAM  JOSEPH  BREWER 

ALDEN  FARLEY  BREWSTER 

ANDRE  WALKER  BREWSTER 

HENRY  BREWSTER 

MRS.  WALTER  STANTON  BREWSTER 

EDWIN  D.  BRICKER 

CHARLES  H.  BRIDGES 

FREDERICK  ARTHUR  BRIDGMAN 

ARTHUR  VON  BRIESEN 

ALLAN  L.  BRIGGS 

CHARLES  BRIGHAM 

WILLIAM  BARRETT  BRINSMADE 

JASPER  YEATES  BRINTON 

BENJAMIN  BRISCOE 

WILLIAM  G.  BRITTAIN 

JOHN  R.  BROOKE 

MARK  BROOKE 

ROBERT  SOMERS  BROOKINGS 

NICHOLS  BROOKS 

MRS.  ROMAINE  BEATRIX  BROOKS 

W.  B.  BROOKS 

TRUMAN  W.  BROPHY 

ARTHUR  BROWN,  Jr. 

ELWOOD  STANLEY  BROWN 

E.  A.  BROWN 

FRANKLIN  Q.  BROWN 

JAMES  BROWN 

LYTTLE  BROWN 

MARSHALL  W.  BROWN 


C1783 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

PRESTON  BROWN 

ROBERT  A.  BROWN 

WALTER  LYMAN  BROWN 

BEVERLY  F.  BROWNE 

WILLIAM  S.  BROWNING 

WILLIAM  H.  BROWNSON 

ANDREW  D.  BRUCE 

E.  J.  BRULATOUR 

G.  S.  BRUN 

HENRY  BRUNNER 

ALEXANDRE  BRUNO 

SYLVAIN  BRUNO 

LUCIEN  NAPOLEON  BRUNSWIG 

CHARLES  FRANCIS  BRUSH 

CHARLES  S.  BRYAN 

WILLIAM  SOHIER  BRYANT 

EDMUND  ANTONY  BUCHANAN 

BEAUMONT  B.  BUCK 

MERVYN  CHANDOS  BUCKEY 

BENJAMIN  HORR  BUCKINGHAM 

EDWARD  WILLIAM  BUCKLEY 

EDMUND  GARNETT  BUCKNER 

ARTHUR  D.  BUDD 

KENNETH  P.  BUDD 

EDWARD  BUFORD,  Jr. 

BENJAMIN  L.  BUGG 

ROBERT  LEE  BULLARD 

WILLIAM  HANNUM  GRUBB  BULLARD 

OMAR  BUNDY 

JOEL  WILLIAM  BUNKLEY 

ROBERT  BURKHAM 

GEORGE  W.  BURLEIGH 

C.  CHARLES  BURLINGAME 

CHARLES  BURNETT 

FRANK  C.  BURNETT 

WILLIAM  POWER  BURNHAM 

HAROLD  BURNS 

GEORGE  HOWARD  BURR 

WILLIAM  E.  BURR 

WILLIAM  BURRY 


C179  3 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

LeGRAND  STIRLING  BURTON 
WILLSON  B.  BURTT 

A.  M.  BUTCHER 

CHARLES  BUTLER 

CHARLES  STEWART  BUTLER 

NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER 

ARTHUR  DEXTER  BUTTERFIELD 

RICHARD  E.  BYRD 

JAMES  BYRNE 

JULIAN  M.  CABELL 

ROBERT  H.  CABELL 

HENRY  CACHARD 

BERTRAM  L.  CADWALADER 

HARRY  F.  CAHILL 

DAVID  CAHN 

THIBAULT  CAHN 

ROBERT  S.  CAIN 

RAYMOND  ROSSE  CALKINS 

DONALD  MARSHALL  CALL 

DANIEL  J.  CALLAHAN 

ROBERT  E.  CALLAN 

NATHANIEL  ERNEST  CALLEN 

GEORGE  H.  CAMERON 

ARTHUR  G.  CAMPBELL 

DOUGLAS  CAMPBELL 

H.  GORDON  CAMPBELL 

HENRY  COLIN  CAMPBELL 

JAMES  ANSON  CAMPBELL 

RALPH  GEORGE  CAMPBELL 

JAMES  CANAVAN 

JOSEPH  L.  CANBY 

ALEXANDRE  CAPEHART 

DANIEL  P.  CARD 
MRS.  WILLIAM  W.  CARD 

GEORGE  J.  CAREW 

WILLIAM  CRANE  CARL 

ERNEST  E.  CARLSON 

MARTIN  HENRY  CARMODY 

ANDREW  CARNEGIE 


CiSo] 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

CHARLES  K.  CARPENTER 

JOHN  ALDEN  CARPENTER 

JAMES  A.  CARR 

CHARLES  CARROLL 

PHILIP  A.  CARROLL 

T.  B.  CARROLL 

WILLIAM  M.  CARROLL,  Jr. 

JOHN  M.  CARSON 

ANDREW  FRANCIS  CARTER 

EDWARD  CLARK  CARTER 

JOHN  RIDGELY  CARTER 

PIERRE  CAMILLE  CARTIER 

JOHN  J.  CARTY 

ADAM  F.  CASAD 

JOSEPH  CASPER 

THOMAS  G.  CASSADY 

MISS  MARY  CASSATT 

MISS  MARY  STEVENSON  CASSETT 

CLIFTON  BLEDSOE  CATES 

ALBERTUS  W.  CATLIN 

OSCAR  R.  CAUCHOIS 

JOHN  B.  CAULDWELL 

WILLIAM  BOWDOIN  CAUSEY 

JAMES  B.  CAVANAUGH 

HARRY  CAVENAUGH 

HARRY  W.  CAYGILL 

MISS  KATHERINE  CERF 

MASON  C.  CHACE 

WILLIAM  M.  CHADBOURNE 

CHARLES  CHAILLE-LONG 

EUGENE  T.  CHAMBERLAIN 

WILLIAM  CHAMBERLAINE 

REED  M.  CHAMBERS 

ARTHUR  S.  CHAMPNEY 

CHARLES  De  F.  CHANDLER 

MRS.  WILLIAM  ASTOR  CHANLER 

LINDLEY  HOFFMAN  PAUL  CHAPIN 

L.  FREDERICK  CHAPIN 

HARRY  H.  CHARLES 

CARROLL  CHASE 


C1813 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

HOBART  C.  CHATFIELD-TAYLOR 

SHERWOOD  A.  CHENEY 

JAMES  CHESTER 

GODFREY  DE  COURCELLES  CHEVALIER 

GILBERT  CHINARD 

CHARLES  CHRISTIANSON 

LOUIS  J.  CHRISTOPHE 

JOHN  C  CHRISTOPHER 

SAMUEL  HARDEN  CHURCH 

MARLBOROUGH  CHURCHILL 

JULIUS  CIECHANOW 

ALBERT  P.  CLARK 

ALFRED  CLARK 

CHARLES  BROOKS  CLARK 

JOHN  HOLLEY  CLARK,  Jr. 

PAUL  HEDRICK  CLARK 

FRANK  WIGGLESWORTH  CLARKE 

HOWARD  CLARKE 

HENRY  D.  CLAYTON 

PAUL  D.  CLEMENS 

JOSEPH  CLEMENT 

JOSEPH  CLENDENIN 

CHARLES  CLIFTON 

SYDNEY  AMOS  CLOMAN 

IRVIN  S.  COBB 

FRANK  IRVING  COBB 

HENRY  CLAY  COBURN,  Jr. 

HENRY  COCHRANE 

CLARENCE  S.  COE 

FRANK  WINSTON  COE 

MRS.  LUISITA  LELAND  COFER 

CHARLES  ALBERT  COFFIN 

WILLIAM  ANDERSON  COFFIN 

WILLIAM  S.  COFFIN 

FRANCIS  COGSWELL 

ALBERT  MORRIS  COHEN 

ADOLPHE  COHN 

EDWARD  B.  COLE 

WILLIAM  COLE 

LE  VERT  COLEMAN 


D82:| 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

ROY  H.  COLES 

EDGAR  T.  COLLINS 

FRANCIS  R.  COLLINS 

JAMES  L.  COLLINS 

PATRICK  A.  COLLINS 

LLOYD  COLLIS 

WILLIAM  COLVIN 

VAUGHAN  K.  COMAN 

R.  COMPTON 

H.  I.  CONE 

ARTHUR  L.  CONGER 

WILLIAM  TIPTON  CONN 

BENJAMIN  HOWE  CONNER 

FOX  CONNER 

JAMES  N.  CONNOLLY 

WILLIAM  D.  CONNOR 

HAROLD  A.  CONTENT 

ARTHUR  B.  COOK 

CHARLES  T.  COOK 

EDWARD  A.  COOK 

WALTER  COOK 

D.  W.  COOKE 

FREDERICK  H.  COOKE 

HENRY  D.  COOKE 

CHARLES  A.  COOLIDGE 

JULIAN  LOWELL  COOLIDGE 

JOHN  WALLACE  COOPER 

DAVID  GRAHAM  COPELAND 

CONSTANT  CORDIER 

CHARLES  H.  CORLETT 

WILLIAM  M.  CORRY 

ARTHUR  B.  CORWELL 

SPENCER  COSBY 

WALTER  V.  COTCHETT 

JOSEPH  POTTER  COTTON 

FREDERIC  RENE  COUDERT 

FREDERIC  R.  COUDERT,  Jr. 

LEONARD  COX 

ALEXANDER  B.  COXE 

RALPH  PAYNE  CRAFT 


Cl83  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

JAMES  MASON  CRAFTS 

LOUIS  A.  CRAIG 

MALIN  CRAIG 

AMBROSE  COGHILL  CRAMER 

FRANK  CRANE 

M.  CRANE 

PAUL  D.  CRAVATH 

MRS.  E.  CRAVEN 

THOMAS  T.  CRAVEN 

THOMAS  W.  CRIDLER 

GEORGE  W.  CRILE 

JOHN  W.  CRISSEY 

WALTER  H.  CRITTENDEN 

TEMPLETON  CROCKER 

WILLIAM  H.  CROCKER 

MRS.  WILLIAM  H.  CROCKER 

SEYMOUR  L.  CROMWELL 

WILLIAM  NELSON  CROMWELL 

ADELBERT  CRONKHITE 

OSCAR  TERRY  CROSBY 

ENOCH  HERBERT  CROWDER 

MISS  FRANCES  ELIZABETH  CROWEIX 

WILLIAM  CROZIER 

WILLIAM  M.  CRUIKSHANK 

CLYDE  B.  CRUSAN 

DONALD  CAMERON  CUBBISSON 

ROBERT  J.  CUDDIHY 

ALBERT  B.  CUDEBEC 

LOUIS  CUKELA 

FREDERIC  PAUL  CULBERT 

ROBERT  M.  CULLER 

HUGH  S.  CUMMING 

FREDERICK  CUNLIFFE-OWEN 

HOLTON  C.  CURL 

MISS  FANNY  BELLE  CURTIS 

EDWARD  B.  CUSHING 

HARVEY  CUSHING 

MISS  EMMA  D.  CUSHMAN 

FRANKLIN  WARNER  M.  CUTCHEON 

JOHN  A.  CUTCHINS 


n^U 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

CHESTER  W.  CUTHELL 

WILLIAM  G.  CUTLER 

ALFRED  B.  CUTTER 

MISS  ELISABETH  CUTTING 

CHARLES  WILLIAM  DABNEY 
GEORGE  BIGELOW  DABNEY 
WILLIAM  SWIFT  DALLIBA 
LOUIS  J.  DALY 
PAUL  DALY 
WALTER  DAMROSCH 
JAMES  DANGERFIELD,  Jr. 
MRS.  WARREN  FISHER  DANIELL 
WILLIAM  TURNER  DANNAT 

HARRIS  A.  DARCHE 

JAMES  HENRY  DARLINGTON 

J.  HOWARD  DARLINGTON 

J.  J.  DARLINGTON 

CHARLES  DAURAY 

ISAAC  B.  DAVENPORT 

WILLIAM  SLOCUM  DAVENPORT 

WILLIAM  SLOCUM  DAVENPORT,  Jr. 

GILBERT  AUBREY  DAVIDSON 

ABEL  DAVIS 

ARCHIBALD  HILLIARD  DAVIS 

CHARLES  CLAFTIN  DAVIS 

DARIUS  ALTON  DAVIS 

GUY  ERWIN  DAVIS 

JOSEPH  RAY  DAVIS 

NORMAN  H.  DAVIS 

ROBERT  C.  DAVIS 

THEODORE  M.  DAVIS 

W.  JEFFERSON  DAVIS 

WILLIAM  MORRIS  DAVIS 

CHARLES  STEWART  DAVISON 

HENRY  P.  DAVISON 

CHARLES  GATES  DAWES 

BENJAMIN  FREDERICK  DAWSON 

HENRY  MASON  DAY 

LEE  GARNETT  DAY 

EDWIN  W.  DAYTON 


[18511 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

bashford  dean 

james  deering 

lee  Deforest 

joseph  holton  defrees 

john  ross  delafield 

thorndike  deland 

frederic  a.  delano 

william  adams  delano 

robert  l.  denig 

erwin  a.  dennis 

chauncey  m.  depew 

richard  derby 

MRS.  ARTHUR  M.  DeROALDES 

FRANCIS  X.  DERCUM 

RALPH  CODWIN  DEVOE 

HERMAN  DEVRIES 

MARQUISE  C.  DeWENTWORTH 

STODDARD  DEWEY 

JOHN  L.  DeWITT 

MICHAEL  H.  DeYOUNG 

JOSEPH  THEODORE  DICKMANN 

MRS.  A.  MURRAY  DIKE 

SAMUEL  R.  DISHMAN 

DOUGLAS  EUGENE  DISMUKES 

FRANK  M.  DIXON 

VARIEN  D.  DIXON 

WM.  HOWARD  DOANE 

BRENDAN  J.  DODD 

CHARLES  RICHARD  DODGE 

GEOFFREY  DODGE 

FRANKLIN  D'OILER 

THOMAS  Q.  DONALDSON 

WILLIAM  J.  DONOVAN 

HALSTEAD  DOREY 

NEIL  F.  DOUGHERTY 

W.  JOHNSON  DOUGLAS 

FRANCIS  DOWLING 

VICTOR  J.  DOWLING 

HENRY  S.  DOWNE 

CHARLES  ALFRED  DOWNER 


D86] 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

JOHN  WALTER  DOWNER 

JAMES  G.  DOZIER 

JAMES  A.  DRAIN 

FRANCIS  E.  DRAKE 

CHARLES  A.  DRAVO 

THOMAS  A.  DRISCOL 

HUGH  A.  DRUM 

CHAS.  WINCHESTER  DuBOUCHET 

MARCEL  EDWARD    DuCASSE 

CHARLES  E.  DUDLEY 

FRANCIS  P.  DUFFY 

JOHN  FOSTER  DULLES 

GEORGE  BRAND  DUNCAN 

PATRICK  R.  DUNIGAN 

JOHN  M.  DUNN 

MORRILL  W.  DUNN 

WILLIAM  McKEE  DUNN 

JOHN  WHEELER  DUNTLEY 

HALSEY  DUNWOODY 

PIERRE  SAMUEL  DuPONT 

LUCIUS  L.  DURFEE 

MISS  WELLY  DURTS 

MRS.  NINA  LARREY  DURYEA 

HUBERT  DUTTON 

ARTHUR  S.  DWIGHT 

RALPH  EARLE 

GEORGE  EASTMAN 

CHARLES  B.  ECKELS 

SPENCER  EDDY 

MISS  MARIE  J.  EDGARD 

GUY  LEWIS  EDIE 

JOHN  RUFUS  EDIE 

THOMAS  A.  EDISON 

C.  R.  EDWARDS 

E.  C.  EDWARDS 

EDWARD  WILLIAM  EDWARDS 

GEORGE  WHARTON  EDWARDS 

WALTER  ATLEE  EDWARDS 

THOMAS  P.  EGAN 


[187:3 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

LEWIS  EINSTEIN 

CHARLES  WILLIAM  ELIOT 

STEPHEN  B.  ELKINS 

ABRAM  I.  ELKUS 

CHARLES  B.  ELLIOTT 

JOSEPH  HENRY  ELLIOTT 

EARL  H.  ELLIS 

MICHAEL  ELLIS 

LE  ROY  ELTINGE 

REWEL  W.  ELTON 

HANSON  E.  ELY 

STANLEY  DUNBAR  EMBICK 

HAVEN  EMERSON 

THOMAS  H.  EMERSON 

WILLIAM  R.  EMERSON 

JOHN  GARFIELD  EMERY 

FRANCIS  C  ENDICOTT 

RICHARD  E.  ENRIGHT 

JOHN  ERSKINE 

JAMES  BRAILSFORD  ERWIN 

FRANK  E.  ESTES 

FRANK  T.  EVANS 

G.  E.  EVANS 

GEORGE  R.  EVANS 

JAMES  W.  EVERINGTON 

JOHN  EWELL 

GEORGE  FABYAN 

CHARLES  P.  FAGNANI 

JOHN  H.  FAHEY 

J.  K.  FAHEY 

SNOWDEN  A.  FAHNESTOCK 

JOHN  SHERMAN  FAIR 

BLAIR  FAIRCHILD 

LEROY  W.  FAIRCHILD 

SAMUEL  WILLIAM  FAIRCHILD 

STEPHEN  O.  FAGUA 

SAMSON  L.  FAISON 

ELBERT  E.  FARMAN,  Jr. 

CHARLES  STEWART  FARNSWORTH 


[i88J 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

LIVINGSTON  FARRAND 

JAMES  A.  FARRELL 

WILLIAM  M.  FASSETT 

EDWARD  DANIELS  FAULKNER 

D' ALARY  FECHET 

LOGAN  FELAND 

SAMUEL  MORSE  FELTON 

HOMER  L.  FERGUSON 

JOHN  CALVIN  FERGUSON 

JUSTE  FERNANDEZ 

BARR  FERREE 

MAUNSELL  FIELD 

JAMES  D.  FIFE 

A.  LINCOLN  FILENE 
EDWARD  ALBERT  FILENE 

HAROLD  FINLEY 

JOHN  H.  FINLEY 

WOOLSEY  FINNELL 

JOHN  M.  T.  FINNEY 

MISS  JANET  FISH 

CHARLES  W.  FISHER 

HENRY  C.  FISHER 

RUSSELL  S.  FISHER 

HAROLD  B.  FISKE 

HAROLD  C.  FISKE 

FERRIS  H.  FITCH 

LAWRENCE  FITCH 

RALPH  R.  FITCH 

CLEMENT  A.  F.  FLAGLER 

HARRY  HARKNESS  FLAGLER 

JAMES  A.  FLAHERTY 

JOSEPH  FLAMAND 

JOHN  FLANAGAN 

ADRIAN  S.  FLEMING 

SAMUEL  W.  FLEMING,  Jr. 

W.  J.  FLEMING 

JAMES  MOORE  FLETCHER 

SIMON  FLEXNER 

BERNARD  A.  FLOOD 

B.  H.  FLURSCHEIM 


C189H 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

THOMAS  F.  FOLEY 

HOMER  FOLKS 

FREDERICK  S.  FOLTZ 

ALLEN  FORBES 

C.  STEWART  FORBES 

JAMES  BOISE  ALLEYNE  FORBURGH 

GEORGE  BURDETT  FORD 

JEREMIAH  DENIS  MATHIAS  FORD 

STANLEY  HAMER  FORD 

MILTON  J.  FOREMAN 

JAMES  BERWICK  FORGAN 

WILBUR  FORREST 

ALCEE  FORTIER 

CHARLES  LOVELACE  FOSTER 

GEORGE  BURGESS  FOSTER,  Jr. 

B.  D.  FOULOIS 

M.  FOWLER 

WILLIAM  HENRY  FOX 

CHARLES  P.  FRANCHOT 

DAVID  ROWLAND  FRANCIS 

COLEMAN  D.  FRANK 

JAMES  HENRY  FRANKLIN 

PHILIP  A.  S.  FRANKLIN 

WALTER  S.  FRANKLIN 

WILLIAM  BUEL  FRANKLIN 

LEON  FRASER 

MRS.  JAMES  CARROLL  FRAZER 

CHARLES  J.  FREEBORN 

JOSEPH  HENRY  FREEDLANDER 

G.  F.  FREEMAN 

JOHN  C.  FREMONT 

DANIEL  CHESTER  FRENCH 

JOSEPH  WILLIAM  FRENCH 

MISS  HELEN  C.  FRICK 

MICHAEL  FRIEDSAM 

AMOS  A.  FRIES 

FREDERIC  CARL  FRIESEKE 

FRANCOIS  E.  FRONCZAK 

DOUGLAS  W.  FULLER 

PAUL  FULLER 

D90  3 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

PAUL  FULLER,  Jr. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  FULLERTON 

STEPHEN  O.  FUQUA 

HENRY  JEWETT  FURBER 

JULIUS  A.  FURER 

T.  FURER 

HAROLD  ARTHUR  FURLONG 

THOMAS  FURNESS 

JOHN  A.  GADE 

MABEL  KNOWLES  GAGE 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM  GALBRAITH,  Jr. 

WILLIAM  W.  GALBRAITH 

HENRY  G.  GALE 

DONALD  M.  GALL 

EDWARD  MINER  GALLAUDET 

NATHANIEL  E.  GALLEN 

ROBERT  BRUCE  GAMBLE 

MISS  MARY  GARDEN 

ALEXANDER  STANLEY  GARFIELD 

JAMES  W.  GARNER 

FOSTER  GARNETT 

PORTER  GARNETT 

ELBERT  H.  GARY 

LORENZO  D.  GASSER 

MISS  GRACE  GASSETTE 

A.  L.  GATES 

JAMES  H.  GAY,  Jr. 

WALTER  GAY 

CHARLES  MILLS  GAYLEY 

JULIEN  AUGUSTE  GEHRUNG 

HARRY  GEORGE 

JAMES  W.  GERARD 

MRS.  JAMES  W.  GERARD 

CHARLES  GERHARDT 

JOHN  LAWRENCE  GERIG 

LEONARD  T.  GEROW 

JOHN  GETZ 

FLOYD  GIBBONS 

HERBERT  ADAMS  GIBBONS 


C1913 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

JAMES  GIBBONS 

ELBERT  ALLAN  GIBBS 

GEORGE  S.  GIBBS 

LEON  GIBERT 

CHARLES  DANA  GIBSON 

HARVEY  D.  GIBSON 

HUGH  GIBSON 

LYLE  H.  GIFT 

LEIGH  ROBINSON  GIGNILLIAT 

CASS  GILBERT 

HARRY  L.  GILCHRIST 

RICHARD  WATSON  GILDER 

C.  E.  GILPIN 

WILLIAM  GINGNARD 

GUSTIN  GINN 

LURTIN  R.  GINN 

AUGUSTE  GIRARD 

A.  M.  GLASSON 

JOHN  W.  GLEASON 

ALBERT  GLEAVES 

SAMUEL  R.  GLEAVES 

EDWIN  FORBES  GLENN 

JAMES  D.  GLENNAN 

M.  C.  GLYN 

WM.  FREDERICK  HOLFORD  GODSON 

ROBERT  GOELET 

GEORGE  W.  GOETHALS 

RICHARD  GOOD 

CHARLES  CROSS  GOODRICH 

CHAUNCEY  W.  GOODRICH 

DAVID  M.  GOODRICH 

GEORGE  L.  GOODRIDGE 

CHARLES  RHODES  GOODWIN 

CAREY  E.  GOODWYN 

CHARLES  GOODYEAR 

ALEXANDRE  GORDON 

CHARLES  H.  GORDON 

ERSKINE  GORDON 

JOHN  ROYLSTON  GORDON 

MRS.  KNIE  GORDON 


D92:i 


TAPESTRY  COMMEMORATING  THE   SURRENDER  OF  YORKTOWN 
Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

WALTER  H.  GORDON 

JAMES  H.  GORE 

WILLIAM  C.  GORGAS 

EDGAR  STALEY  GORRELL 

RICHARD  JAMES  JL  GOTTHEIL 

FRANK  J.  GOULD 

JOHN  K.  GOWDY 

JOHN  GOWEN 

JAMES  H.  GRAHAM 

CHARLES  HALL  GRANDGENT 

SYDNEY  GRANT 

ULYSSES  S.  GRANT,  3rd 

WALTER  S.  GRANT 

HENRY  GRAVE 

DAVID  GRAY 

ELISHA  GRAY 

HORACE  M.  GRAY 

PRENTISS  N.  GRAY 

CAREY  TRAVERS  GRAYSON 

WILLIAM  BUCKHOUT  GREELEY 

JOHN  N.  GREELY 

RUSSELL  GREELY 

CHARLES  A.  GREEN 

FREDERICK  WILLIAM  GREEN 

JOSEPH  C.  GREEN 

J.  D.  GREEN 

THOMAS  EDWARD  GREEN 

CHARLES  FREDERIC  GREENE 

HOWARD  GREENLEY 

CARROLL  GREENOUGH 

JOHN  C  GREENWAY 

LOUIS  GREET 
ELIOT  GREGORY 
WARREN  GREGORY 
HARRY  S.  GRIER 
FRANCIS  GRIFFIN 
ROBERT  S.  GRIFFIN 
MRS.  EMILY  F.  GRIGGS 
CLEMENT  ACTON  GRISCOM 
AUGUSTIN  H.  GRISWOLD 


[193  3 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

EDMUND  L.  GROS 

WILLIAM  B.  GROVE 

GEORGE  GRUNERT 

EMMET  C.  GUDGER 

FIRMIN  GUEGO 

W.  S.  GUIGNARD 

JOHN  W.  GULICK 

SELSKAR  MICHAEL  GUNN 

WILLIAM  COVINGTON  GUNNELL 

EDWIN  GUNNER 

AUGUSTUS  C.  GURNEE 

WILLIAM  D.  GUTHRIE 

WILLIAM  GWIN,  Jr. 

WILLIAM  G.  HAAN 

JAMES  K.  HACKETT 

JOHNSON  HAGOOD 

CHARLES  SHERMAN  HAIGHT 

HARVEY  HAISLIP 

ASAPH  HALL 

CHARLES  P.  HALL 

JAMES  NORMAN  HALL 

DANIEL  HALLY-SMITH 

JOHN  HALLIGAN 

CHARLES  WOODRUFF  HALSEY 

ALEXANDER  S.  HALSTEAD 

SAMUEL  HAM 

J.  EDWARD  HAMBLETON 

THOMAS  G.  HAMILTON 

MISS  FRANCES  HAMILTON-SHIELDS 

WILLIAM  JOSEPH  HAMMER 

J.  HAMMOND 

WILLIAM  HAYS  HAMMOND 

C.  L.  HAND 

W.  W.  HANES 

MATHIAS  WILLOUGHBY  HANEY 

CHARLES  R.  HANGER 

DAVID  C.  HANRAHAN 

MARCUS  H.  HANSON 


[194H 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

ROBERT  PATTISON  HARBOLD 

JAMES  G.  HARBORD 

EDWARD  J.  HARDY 

HIPPOLYTE  LEON  HARDY 

MRS.  H.  HERMAN  HARJES 

H.  HERMAN  HARJES 

CHARLES  W.  HARLOW 

CLIFFORD  B.  HARMON 

DANIEL  W.  HARMON 
KENNETH  B.  HARMON 
DONALD  HARPER 
WILLIAM  HARPER 
WILLIAM  F.  HARRELL 
GEORGE  HERBERT  HARRIES 
CARLOS  G.  HARRIS 
DUNCAN  G.  HARRIS 
HENRY  HERBERT  HARRIS 
PETER  CHARLES  HARRIS 
HENRY  HARRISSE 
T.  ALEXANDER  HARRISON 
GEORGE  HARRY 
ROBERT  HARSHE 
WILLIAM  H.  HART 
HERBERT  HARTLEY 
HAROLD  EVANS  HARTNEY 
WILLIAM  WRIGHT  HARTS 
HERBERT  FRANCIS  HARTWELL 
HERBERT  HASELTINE 
WILLIAM  N.  HASKELL 
CHARLES  HOMER  HASKINS 
THOMAS  HASTINGS 
HENRY  J.  HATCH 
JOHN  F.  HATCH 
MRS.  H.  O.  HAVEMEYER 
CHARLES  EDOUARD  HAVILAND 
GEORGE  HAVILAND 
THEODORE  HAVILAND 
WILLIAM  DAVID  HAVILAND 
McDOUGALL  HAWKES 
RUSH  CHRISTOPHER  HAWKINS 


i:i95  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

JOHN  MITCHELL  HAWLEY 

W.  H.  HAY 

GEORGE  BYRON  HAYES 

PATRICK  JOSEPH  HAYES 

WADE  H.  HAYES 

ROYAL  STORRS  HAYNES 

HENRY  HAYNIE 

GEORGE  P.  HAYS 

WILLIAM  HAYWARD 

CHARLES  DOWNER  HAZEN 

FRANKLIN  HEAD 

WARREN  MANSFIELD  HEALEY 

EDWARD  HEARN 

EDWARD  L.  HEARN 

HARRY  A.  HEGEMAN 

JASCHA  HEIFETZ 

EILERT  G.  HEIKEN 

STUART  HEINTZELMAN 

GROVER  P.  HEINZMANN 

JULIUS  FREDERICK  HELLWEG 

ELI  ALVA  HELMICK 

ALEXANDER  JULIAN  HEMPHILL 

JOSEPH  N.  HEMPHILL 

ARTHUR  T.  HENDERSON 

HENRY  H.  HENDERSON 

JOSEPH  JULIO  HENNA 

F.  F.  HENROTIN 

HORACE  CHAPIN  HENRY 

MORTON  J.  HENRY 

A.  BARTON  HEPBURN 

CARL  HERING 

LEO  D.  HERMLE 

ANDREW  HERO,  Jr. 

MYRON  T.  HERRICK 

PARMELEE  HERRICK 

CHARLES  D.  HERRON 

MARK  L.  HERSEY 

RICHARD  S.  HEVENOR 

MRS.  LUCY  WORK  HEWITT 

GEORGE  A.  HEYBURN 


C196  3 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

JOHN  GRIER  HIBBEN 

ANDREW  S.  HICKEY 

WILLIAM  ORVILLE  HICKOK 

EUGENE  HIGGINS 

FRANCIS  J.  HIGGINSON 

GEORGE  R.  HIGLEY 
HERBERT  S.  HILBURN 

MILOSH  HILGARD 

ARTHUR  DEHON  HILL 

DAVID  JAYNE  HILL 

DUDLEY  L.  HILL 

FREDERICK  TREVOR  HILL 

HENRY  W.  HILL 

JOHN  PHILIP  HILL 

PERCIVAL  S.  HILL 

SAMUEL  HILL 

LAWRENCE  HILLS 

REUBEN  HILTY 

ROBERT  M.  HINCKLEY 

ERNEST  HINDS 

FRANK  T.  HINES 

JOHN  LEONARD  HINES 

WALKER  D.  HINES 

CHARLES  L.  HINKLE 

ABRAHAM  LANDER  HIPWELL 

F.  C  HIRONS 

F.  D.  HIRSCHBERG 

PARKER  HITT 

WILLIAM  HERBERT  HOBBS 

HARRY  LUMSDEN  HODGES 

JOHN  JACOB  HOFF 

MRS.  JOHN  JACOB  HOFF 

ROY  HOFFMAN 

ALBERT  LINCOLN  HOFFMANN 

JOHN  P.  HOGAN 

WILLIAM  STRONG  HOGAN 

FRED  BARETT  HOLBERT 

EDWARD  HOLBROOK 

LUCIUS  R.  HOLBROOK 

RICHARD  THAYER  HOLBROOK 


C197  3 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

THOMAS  HOLCOMB 

NELSON  MILES  HOLDERMAN 

LOUIS  E.  HOLLAND 

W.  J.  HOLLAND 

WM.  TURNER  PIERCE  HOLLINGSWORTH 

HENRY  FRENCH  HOLLIS 

CHARLES  HOLMAN-BLACK 

WILLIAM  HOLMES 

HAMILTON  HOLT 

CHARLES  C.  HOMAN 

STANFORD  C.  HOOPER 

HERBERT  CLARK  HOOVER 

JAY  PAUL  HOPKINS 
WILLIAM  ALONZA  HOPKINS 
WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  HORMING 

ODUS  C.  HORNEY 

WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  HORNUNG 

NATHAN  HOROWITZ 

THOMAS  PAINE  HORTON 

WILLIAM  E.  HORTON 

MRS.  CHARLES  HOSKIER 

HERMAN  CHARLES  HOSKIER 

BENSON  W.  HOUGH 

HENRY  HUGHES  HOUGH 

JAMES  L.  HOWARD 

JAMES  W.  HOWARD 

JOHN  HASTINGS  HOWARD 

LELAND  OSSIAN  HOWARD 

NATHANIEL  L.  HOWARD 

OLIVER  OTIS  HOWARD 

ALFRED  G.  HOWE 

ELIAS  xHOWE 

HENRY  MARION  HOWE 

THORNDIKE  DUDLEY  HOWE 

WILLIAM  HENRY  HOWE 

WILLEY  HOWELL 

JOHN  MEAD  HOWELLS 

MRS.  GEORGE  HOWLAND 

GEORGE  SNOWDEN  HOWLAND 

HARRY  S.  HOWLAND 


[198II 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

LOUIS  MEREDITH  HOWLAND 

MRS.  VIRGINIA  HOWLAND 

ROBERT  L.  HOWZE 

ARCHIBALD  S.  HUBARD 

HAROLD  W.  HUDSON 

CLARENCE  R.  HUEBNER 

HERMAN  C.  HUFFER,  Jr. 

LEOPOLD  HUFFER 

ALFRED  HUGER 

JOHN  CHAMBERS  HUGHES 

WM.  NEILL  HUGHES,  Jr. 

WILLIAM  HUGUET 

FREDERICK  L.  HUIDEKOPER 

MILAN  H.  HULBERT 

JOHN  ADLEY  HULL 

LEE  S.  HULTZEN 

JOHN  A.  HUMBIRD 

STANLEY  M.  HUMBOURG 

F.  LANDON  HUMPHREYS 

JOHNSTON  HUMPHREYS 

CHARLES  A.  HUNT 

RICHARD  MORRIS  HUNT 

MRS.  ARCHER  M.  HUNTINGTON 

EDWARD  NASH  HURLEY 

GROTE  HUTCHESON 

ALCANDER  HUTCHINSON 

PEMBERTON  JAMES  HUTCHINSON 

CHARLES  GORDON  HUTTON 

JAMES  HAZEN  HYDE 

WILLIAM  EDWARD  INGERSOLL 

W.  R.  IRBY 

JOHN  IRELAND 

MERITTE  W.  IRELAND 

ALEXANDER  DUER  IRVING 

GEORGE  LEROY  IRWIN 

NOBLE  EDWARD  IRWIN 

WILL  IRWIN 

ADRIAN  ISELIN,  Jr. 

SIGISMOND  IWANOWSKI 


D99H 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

AUGUST  F.  JACCACI 

DUGALD  C.  JACKSON 

HORATIO  NELSON  JACKSON 

JOHN  PRICE  JACKSON 

ORTON  PORTER  JACKSON 

R.  H.  JACKSON 

THOMAS  H.  JACKSON 

VICTOR  STONEWALL  JACKSON 

WILLIAM  P.  JACKSON 

EDGAR  JADWIN 

ALEXANDER  L.  JAMES,  Jr. 

CHARLES  MILFORD  JAMES 

EDWIN  L.  JAMES 

GEORGE  VERNON  JAMES 

JULIAN  N.  JAROS 

DEMING  JARVES 

AUGUSTUS  JAY 

NELSON  DEAN  JAY 

PETER  AUGUSTUS  JAY 

GLEN  F.  JENKS 

WILLIAM  W.  JENNA 

A.  S.  JENNINGS 

COLEMAN  JENNINGS 

PERCY  H.  JENNINGS 

HENRY  JERVEY 

EARL  P.  JESSOP 

HENRY  C  JEWETT 

ARTHUR  JOHNSON 

EVAN  MALBONE  JOHNSON 

ISAAC  CURETON  JOHNSON 

OWEN  JOHNSON 

ROBERT  A.  JOHNSON 

ROBERT  UNDERWOOD  JOHNSON 

SAMUEL  M.  JOHNSON 

SAMUEL  O.  JOHNSON 

WAIT  G  JOHNSON 

WALTER  H.  JOHNSON 

EDWARD  N.  JOHNSTON 

GORDON  JOHNSTON 
HAMILTON  JOHNSTON 


C^OO] 


-- 

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KS. 

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C  DCi'txil^l 


■    O.KDAE  H0YA£  l)E  L> 


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DIPLOMA  OF  CHEVALIER,  SIGNED  BY 


JIS  XVIII,  DATED  DECEMBER,    1817 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

JOHN  ALEXANDER  JOHNSTON 

WILLIAM  H.  JOHNSTON 

CHARLES  L.  JOLY 

DAVID  H.  JONES 

EDWIN  C.  JONES 

E.  LESTER  JONES 

GEORGE  W.  JONES 

HAROLD  WELLINGTON  JONES 

HILARY  P.  JONES 

JAMES  S.  JONES 

PERCY  LANCELOT  JONES 

SALOMON  De  JONGE 

IRA  R.  JORALEMON 

JOHN  HOWARD  JORDAIN 

LUCIEN  JOUVAUD 

KENYON  ASHE  JOYCE 

MRS.  V.  B.  JtJDAH 

JAMES  ROBERT  JUDD 

HARRY  PRATT  JUDSON 

W.  C.  JUNKINS 

HENRY  KAHN 

LAZARD  KAHN 

MONTIFIORE  GRANT  KAHN 

OTTO  HERMAN  KAHN 

PARKER  C.  KALLOCH 

JEFFERSON  RANDOLPH  KEAN 

PHILIP  KEARNY 

FRANK  ROGER  KEEFER 

WILLIAM  W.  KEEN 

ALEXANDER  HUME  KEITH 

CHARLES  KELLER 

WILLIAM  L.  KELLER 

VERNON  L.  KELLOGG 

EDMOND  KELLY 

GEORGE  H.  KELLY 

JOHN  C.  KELLY 

JOHN  R.  KELLY 

MICHAEL  A.  KELLY 

ROBERT  LINCOLN  KELLY 


[20i:| 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

WILLIAM  KELLY 

WILLIAM  E.  C.  KELLY 

ARTHUR  TRYON  KEMP 

CHARLES  HENRY  KENDRICK 

WILLIAM  LACEY  KENLY 

GROVE  COOK  KENNEDY 

JOHN  P.  KENNEDY 

MOORHEAD  C.  KENNEDY 

ARTHUR  EDWIN  KENNELLY 

WILSON  PIERRE  KENNETH 

FRED  I.  KENT 

GEORGE  W.  KENYON 

THEODORE  S.  KENYON 

WILLIAM  E.  KEPNER 

FREDERICK  PAUL  KEPPEL 

FRANCIS  J.  KERNAN 

MONROE  C.  KERTH 

GEORGE  V.  KETCHAM 

RALPH  S.  KEYSER 

ALFRED  V.  KIDDER 

RALPH  KIELY 

WALTER  G.  KILNER 

JOHN  G.  KILPATRICK 

JOHN  REED  KILPATRICK 

MRS.  PHILIP  KILROY 

FRANCIS  KIMBEL 

CAMPBELL  KING 

DAVID  M.  KING 

EDWARD  L.  KING 

HENRY  CHURCHILL  KING 

VAN  RENSSELAER  C.  KING 

JOHN  J.  KINGMAN 

ARTHUR  W.  KIPLING 

JOHN  H.  KIPLINGER 

GUSTAVUS  TOWN  KIRBY 

WALLACE  W.  KIRBY 

THEODORE  A.  KITTINGER 

H.  S.  KLEIN 

HARRY  T.  KLEIN 

JACOB  H.  KLEIN,  Jr. 


[202] 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

ORVAL  KLINE 

MRS.  ELIZABETH  KLUMPKE 

HARRY  S.  KNAPP 

ASTOR  KNIGHT 

ASTON  LOUIS  KNIGHT 

CHARLES  KNIGHT 

DANIEL  RIDGWAY  KNIGHT 

EDWARD  KNIGHT 

GEORGE  F.  KNIGHT 

HENRI  KNOEDLER 

ROLAND  FRANK  KNOEDLER 

STANLEY  KOCH 

FREDERIC  KOCHLI 

CHARLES  JOSEPH  KOENIG 

OSCAR  W.  KOESTER 

MAURICE  KOZMINSKI 

De  LANCEY  KOUNTZE 

HORATIO  SHEAPE  KRANS 

CHARLES  KRAUTHOFF 

ALVIN  W.  KRECH 

H.  E.  KREHBIEL 

SAMUEL  KRIDEL 

LEON  B.  KROMER 

JOSEPH  WILLARD  KRUEGER 

LOUIS  R.  KRUM 

ALBERT  S.  KUEGLE 

JOSEPH  E.  KUHN 

GEORGE  FREDERICK  KUNZ 

THOMAS  R.  KURTZ 

CHARLES  C.  KURZMAN 

CHARLES  W.  KUTZ 

ARMAND  EUGENE  LA  CHAISE 
HARRY  LACHMANN 

JOHN  LaFARGE 

ANDRE  LaFARGUE 

FRANK  LAHM 

E.  P.  LAHN 

M.  THOMAS  GERIN  LAJOIE 

JEAN  ALFRED  LALLEMAND 


[203] 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

JOHN  S.  LAMBIE 

THOMAS  W.  LAMONT 

ROBERT  SMITH  LaMOTTE 

HARRY  La  MONTAGNE 

WILLIAM  O.  LAMSON 

WILLIAM  S.  LANDES 

ROBERT  S.  LANDSTREET 

RUSSELL  C.  LANGDON 

WILLIAM  C  LANGFITT 

GEORGE  T.  LANGHORNE 

ERNEST  LAPLACE 

WILLIAM  P.  LARKIN 

WILLIAM  LASSITER 

JOHN  H.  LATANE 

MRS.  BENJAMIN  GIRAULT  LATHROP 

MISS  CLARA  E.  LAUGHLIN 

JOSEPH  WILLIAM  LAWLOR 

GEORGE  E.  LEACH 

LAMAR  R.  LEAHY 

HERBERT  FAIRFAX  LEARY 

ROBERT  GRIER  LE  CONTE 

LEWIS  CASS  LEDYARD 

CHRISTOPHER  F.  LEE 

HARRY  LEE 

JOHN  CLIFFORD  HODGES  LEE 

ARTHUR  M.  LEGALLET 

ALEXANDER  LEGGE 

BARNWELL  RHETT  LEGGE 

JOHN  ARCHER  LEJEUNE 

MICHEL  LeLONG 

MICHAEL  J.  LENIHAN 

MAURICE  LEON 

JOHN  W.  LEONARD 

DAVID  ANDRE  L'ESPERANCE,  Jr. 

JULIAN  CLARENCE  LEVI 

FELIX  LEVY 

LEONCE  LEVY 

MARCEL  S.  LEVY 

EDWARD  MANN  LEWIS 

EVAN  ELIAS  LEWIS 


C2043 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

GILBERT  NEWTON  LEWIS 

HARRY  T.  LEWIS 

RALPH  H.  LEWIS 

HUNTER  LIGGETT 

ANDRE  DAVIDSON  LILLIE 

CHARLES  S.  LINCOLN 

CHARLES  A.  LINDBERGH 

HENRY  DICKINSON  LINDSLEY 

WILLIAM  LINDSLEY 

ERNEST  HOWARD  LINES 

AUBREY  LIPPINCOTT 

ARTHUR  W.  LITTLE 

NORMAN  B.  LIVERMORE 

PHILIP  W.  LIVERMORE 

P.  D.  LOCHRIDGE 

MORRIS  ERNEST  LOCKE 

CHARLES  G.  LOEB 

CHARLES  MARTIN  TORNOV  LOEFFLER 

MARCUS  LOEW 

JAMES  A.  LOGAN,  Jr. 

ROBERT  LOGHRY 

THOMAS  C.  LONERGAN 

ANDREW  THEODORE  LONG 

FRANCIS  BUTLER  LOOMIS 

MRS.  HENRY  P.  LOOMIS 

JOHN  F.  LOOMIS 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  LOPP 

GEORGE  H.  LORIMER 

J.  T.  LOREE 

PIERRE  LORILLARD 

M.  LORRIN-SCHEPARD 

MAXON  S.  LOUGH 

J.  M.  LOUGHBOROUGH 

ESTHER  POHL  LOVEJOY 

MRS.  ROBERT  LOVETT 

ABBOTT  LAWRENCE  LOWELL 

GEORGE  LUBEROFF 

WILLIAM  PALMER  LUCAS 

ALVIN  J.  LUEBKE 

PHILIP  MEZIER  LYDIG 


C205  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

DAVID  ALEXANDER  LYLE 

CLARK  LYNN 

FRANK  LYON 

HENRY  W.  LYON 

ALEXANDER  LYONS 

john  p.  Macadams 

DOUGLAS  MacARTHUR 

JOHN  MacARTHUR 

CHARLES  EVANS  MacBRAYER 

MYLES  C.  MacCAHILL 

WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  MacCALLA 

ROBERT  MacCAMERON 

ROBERT  MacCORMICK 

CHARLES  E.  MacCULLOUGH 

ROBERT  MacCURDY 

JOHN  A.  MacDERMOTT 

GEORGE  MacDONALD 

THOMAS  C.  MacDONALD 

CHARLES  H.  MacDOWELL 

W.  MacDOWELL 

WALTER  MacEWEN 

JOHN  MacFADDEN 

CHARLES  STEDMAN  MacFARLAND 

THOMAS  J.  MacGRATH 

JAMES  F.  MacINDOE 

CHARLES  H.  MacKINSTRY 

JAMES  MacLAUGHLIN 

JAMES  BENNETT  MacLAUGHLIN 

FREDERIC  W.  MacMONNIES 

HANFORD  MacNIDER 

LARRY  B.  McAFEE 

U.  G.  McALEXANDER 

JAMES  W.  McANDREW 

JOSEPH  A.  McANDREW 

EDWARD  McCAULEY,  Jr. 

WALTER  DREW  McCAW 

MANUS  W.  McCLOSKEY 

LOWE  A.  McCLURE 

MILLINGTON  BARNETT  McCOMB 


[206] 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

ROBERT  HALL  McCONNELL 

JOHN  McCORMACK 

CYRUS  HALL  McCORMICK 

HAROLD  F.  McCORMICK 

VANCE  C.  McCORMICK 

FRANK  R.  McCOY 

JAMES  A.  McCREA 

NEWTON  A.  McCULLY 

DENNIS  E.  McCUNNIFF 

donald  c.  Mcdonald 

john  bacon  Mcdonald 

thomas  c.  Mcdonald 

ELLIOTT  E.  McDOWELL 

RALPH  WALKER  McDOWELL 

J.  FRANKLIN  McFADDEN 

GATES  WHITE  McGARRAH 

JOHN  HARMON  McGIBBONS 

WILLIAM  J.  McGINLEY 

EDW.  F.  McGLACHLIN,  Jr. 

ARCHIBALD  McGLASSON 

MANUS  W.  McGOSKEY 

SAMUEL  McGOWAN 

J.  J.  McGRAW 

JOHN  TARN  McGREW 

MISS  ANNA  McINTYRE 

AUGUSTINE  McINTYRE 

J.  EDWARD  McLEER 

MARION  F.  McLEOD 

JOHN  E.  McMAHON 

WILLIAM  R.  McMORRIS 

G.  G.  McMURTRY 

LESLIE  J.  McNAIR 

WILLIAM  S.  McNAIR 

LUKE  McNAMEE 

JAMES  H.  McRAE 

SAMUEL  McROBERTS 

JAMES  I.  MABES 
HAROLD  LEWIS  MACK 
CLARENCE  H.  MACKAY 
JOHN  WILLIAM  MACKAY 


[207:i 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

JOHN  F.  MADDEN 

BRUCE  MAGRUDER 

LLOYD  B.  MAGRUDER 

THOMAS  PICKETT  MAGRUDER 

HENRY  MAILLARD 

GEORGE  H.  MALLON 

PAUL  B.  MALONE 

WILLIAM  E.  MALONEY 

FRANK  B.  MALTBY 

GEORGE  SNELL  MANDELL 

FREDERICK  W.  MANLEY 

CHARLES  HENRY  MANN 

MRS.  DANIEL  MANNING 

WILLIAM  T.  MANNING 

WALTER  W.  MANTON 

FREDERICK  MARCELEN 

PEYTON  CONWAY  MARCH 

NELSON  E.  MARGETTS 

D.  H.  MARING 

D.  JOHN  MARKEY 

ROBERT  MARSH,  Jr. 

ELLIOTT  MARSHALL 

F.  C.  MARSHALL 

GEORGE  C.  MARSHALL,  Jr. 

WOOD  MARSHALL 

JOHN  E.  MARTI  E 

EDWARD  SANFORD  MARTIN 

FREDERICK  ROY  MARTIN 

MISS  MARY  MARTIN 

ALEXANDER  T.  MASON 

C  CHASE  MASON 

CLAUDE  H.  MASON 

JAMES  C.  MASON 

ROGER  O.  MASON 

C.  O.  MASS 

MRS.  WINIFRED  HOLT  MATHER 

SAMUEL  MATHERS 

PHILIP  MATHEWS 

HUGH  MATTHEWS 

JAMES  BRANDER  MATTHEWS 


C208] 


THE  KING  OF  ROME  WEARING  THE 
INSIGNIA  OF  THE  LEGION 

Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

HOWARD  H.  MAXFIELD 

LOUIS  H.  MAXFIELD 

HIRAM  STEVENS  MAXIM 

OSCAR  P.  MAY 

WILLIAM  COTTER  MAYBURY 

CARLOS  MAYER 

JAMES  J.  MAYES 

JOHN  BRENT  MAYES,  Jr. 

WALTER  E.  MAYNARD 

H.  T.  MAYO 

RICHMOND  MAYO-SMITH 

JOHN  MAYS 

FREDERICK  MEARS 

GARI  MELCHERS 

MRS.  WILLIAM  BROWN  MELONEY 

LADY  CHARLES  MENDL 

MARVIN  JAMES  MENEFEE 

ANICETO  GARCIA  MENOCAL 

CHARLES  T.  MENOHER 

ALEXANDER  N.  DE  MENY 

LOUIS  MERIAM 

ALEXANDER  MERILLAT 

LOUIS  A.  MERILLAT 

DANA  T.  MERRILL 

JOHN  HOUSTON  MERRILL 

HENRY  C.  MERRITT 

JAMES  S.  METCALFE 

EUGENE  MEYER 

EUGENE  MEYER,  Jr. 

SIDNEY  EDWARD  MEZES 

EMMETT  C.  MICHAELS 
REGINALD  F.  MICHOLSON 

A.  R.  MILES 

APPLETON  TRAIN  MILES 

LOUIS  WARDLAW  MILES 

PERRY  L.  MILES 

SHERMAN  MILES 

ALEXANDER  MACOMB  MILLER 

CHARLES  MILLER 

CHARLES  L.  MILLER 


C^OQ] 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

CHARLES  R.  MILLER 

CHARLES  V.  MILLER 

GILBERT  MILLER 

HOWARD  STANLEY  MILLER 

HARRY  W.  MILLER 

ISADORE  A.  MILLER 

JAMES  ALEXANDER  MILLER 

JOSEPH  G.  MILLER 

REUBEN  B.  MILLER 

RICHARD  EDWARD  MILLER 

FRANCIS  D.  MILLET 

JAMES  MILLIKEN 

THOMAS  DE  WITT  MILLING 

A.  G.  MILLS 

ALBERT  L.  MILLS 

ARTHUR  R.  MILLS 

CHESTER  P.  MILLS 

FITZHUGH  LEE  MINNIGERODE 

BENJAMIN  S.  MINOR 

GEORGE  E.  MITCHELL 

WILLIAM  MITCHELL 

WILLIAM  AUGUSTUS  MITCHELL 

KNOWLTON  MIXER 

RALPH  MODJESKI 

JEAN  DeMODZELEWSKI 

SAMUEL  ALEXANDRE  MOFFAT 

BENJAMIN  S.  MONIR 

JOHN  CARTES  MONTGOMERY 

THOMAS  C.  MONTGOMERY 

PAUL  DWIGHT  MOODY 

BARRINGTON  MOORE 

CHARLES  A.  MOORE 

CHARLES  CADWELL  MOORE 

EDWARD  MOORE 

EUGENE  M.  MOORE 

HUGH  B.  MOORE 

MONICA  MOORE 

WILLIAM  JAMES  PERRY  MOORE 

JOHN  J.  MOORHEAD 

FRANK  MOORMAN 


t>io] 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

RANDOLPH  MORDECAI 

ARISTIDES  MORENO 

MISS  ANNE  MORGAN 

CASEY  B.  MORGAN 

EDWIN  VERNON  MORGAN 

J.  PIERPONT  MORGAN,  Jr. 

HENRY  MORGENTHAU 

MRS.  HENRY  MORGENTHAU 

MISS  EMMA  MORHARD 

ANDRE  MORIZE 

EFFINGHAM  B.  MORRIS,  Jr. 

IRA  NELSON  MORRIS 

ROBERT  MORRIS 
DWIGHT  W.  MORROW 

J.  J.  MORROW 

WILLIAM  M.  MORROW 

SAMUEL  FINLEY  BREESE  MORSE 

CHARLES  C.  MORTIMER 

JAMES  MORTIMER 

CHARLES  G.  MORTON 

CHARLES INGALLS  MORTON 

GRINNELL  MORTON 

MRS.  HENRY  MORTON 

GEORGE  VAN  HORN  MOSELEY 

HENRY  MOSLER 

JOHN  R.  MOTT 

T.  BENTLEY  MOTT 

MRS.  T.  BENTLEY  MOTT 

PAUL  SCOTT  MOWRER 

TIMOTHY  J.  MOYNAHAN 

BRYAN  MUDGETT 

FREDERICK  A.  MUHLENBERG 

ALLAN  HENRY  MUHR 

CHARLES  H.  MUIR 

M.  MULAT 

WILLIAM  H.  MULFORD 

JOHN  H.  MUNCASTER 

C.  A.  MUNN 

JAMES  B.  MUNN 

JOHN  MUNROE 


C2113 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

FRANK  ANDREW  MUNSEY 

FREDERIC  MURPHY 

GRAYSON  M.  P.  MURPHY 

ROBINSON  MURRAY 

HU  B.  MYERS 

ROBERT  E.  MYHRMAN 

HENRY  NACHTEL 

M.  NAMEE 

CONDE  NAST 

WILLIAM  K.  NAYLOR 

JESSE  H.  NEAL 

BASIL  KNIGHT  NEFTEL 

GEORGE  H.  NETTLETON 

EDWARD  NEUFELDER 

WENDELL  CUSHING  NEVILLE 

MRS.  ETHELBERT  NEVIN 

GEORGE  T.  NEWBURY 

GEORGE  MORGAN  NEWELL 

THOMAS  MARIE  NEWTON 

A.  P.  NIBACK 

J.  BROOKS  NICHOLS 

REGINALD  F.  NICHOLSON 

WILLIAM  J.  NICHOLSON 

JUDAH  B.  NOBLE 

EDWARD  NOBLE 

ROBERT  ERNEST  NOBLE 

DENNIS  E.  NOLAN 
FRANK  MASON  NORTH 
ELLIOTT  NORTHCOTT 

ELIOT  NORTON 

LAURENCE  NORTON 

RICHARD  NORTON 

ROBERT  WILLIAM  NORTON 

FREDERICK  G.  NOVY 

DANIEL  RAYMOND  NOYES 

FRANK  BRETT  NOYES 

HENRY  C.  NUTT 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON  OCHS  OAKES 
EDWARD  J.  O'BRIEN,  Sr. 


£212  3 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

MICHAEL  O'BRIEN,  Jr. 

MORGAN  J.  O'BRIEN 

ADOLPH  S.  OCHS 

CHARLES  P.  O'CONNOR 

HENRI  JOSEPH  ODET 

HUGH  OGDEN 

ROLLO  OGDEN 

JOSEPH  HENRY  OHL 

JOSIAH  KINSLEY  OHL 

ARTHUR  J.  O'KEEFE 

ROBERT  EDWIN  OLDS 

ROBERT  TOD  OLIVER 

EDWARD  OLMSTED 

JOHN  O'NEIL 

HENRY  G.  OPDYCKE 

HIEROME  LINDSAY  OPIE 

LOUIS  ORR 
MISS  MARY  MOORE  ORR 

RAYMOND  ORTEIG 

JOHN  FRANCIS  O'RYAN 

ALEXANDER  PERRY  OSBORN 

WILLIAM  J.  O'SHEA 

GEORGE  R.  OSTHEIMER 

NORTON  OTIS 

HENRY  S.  OTTO 

ALVIN  OWSLEY 

A.  E.  PAEGELOW 

CHARLES  R.  PAGE 

JULES  EUGENE  PAGES 

BRADLEY  WEBSTER  PALMER 

BRUCE  PALMER 

JOHN  McA.  PALMER 

MRS.  POTTER  PALMER 

WILLIAM  FRANCKLYN  PARIS 

CORTLANDT  PARKER 

E.  J.  PARKER 

EDWIN  B.  PARKER 

FRANK  PARKER 

JOHN  H.  PARKER 


C213  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

CHARLES  WELLMAN  PARKS 

FREDERIC  JENNINGS  PARSON 

WILLIAM  BARCLAY  PARSONS 

FRANKLIN  PAS 

PAUL  C.  PASCHAL 

JOSEPH  PATE 

MASON  MATHEWS  PATRICK 

JOHN  HENRY  PATTERSON 

RUFUS  LENOIR  PATTERSON 

FRANK  D.  PAVEY 

EDWIN  VAN  RENSSELAER  PAYNE 

JOHN  BARTON  PAYNE 

CHARLES  SPRAGUE  PEARCE 

HENRY  PEARTREE 

ROBERT  E.  PEARY 

JAMES  LINWOOD  PEATROSS 

ALLEN  STEELE  PECK 

FERDINAND  W.  PECK 

ROBERT  H.  PECK 

GEORGE  P.  PEED 

ERNEST  D.  PEEK 

GEORGE  M.  PEEK 

GEORGE  NELSON  PEEK 

WILLIAM  S.  PEIRCE 

ERNEST  C.  PEIXOTTO 

MARK  PERCY  PEIXOTTO 

STEPHEN  H.  P.  PELL 

JOSEPH  C  PELLETIER 

FRANCIS  KEY  PENDLETON 

FREDERIC  COURTLAND  PENFIELD 

JOHN  PENTON 

CHARLES  PERKINS 

MISS  ELIZABETH  BISHOP  PERKINS 

JAMES  HANDASYD  PERKINS 

ALDEN  C.  PERRINGTON 

JOHN  J.  PERSHING 

CHRISTIAN  HENRY  FREDERICK  PETERS 

MRS.  EDWARD  McCLURE  PETERS 

RICHARD  PETERS 

HENRY  PETTIT 


t^M-H 


GENERAL 


PERSHING 


Painting  by  J.  F.  Bouchor 

GENERAL  PERSHING  WEARING  THE  GRAND  CROSS 
American  Room,  Museum  of  the  Legion  of  Honor 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

JOHN  D.  PHILBRICK 

PERCIVAL  PHILLIPS 

A.  WODELL  PICKERING 

THOMAS  PICKERING 

GARRETT  CHATFIELD  PIER 

CHARLES  C.  PIERCE 

HERBERT  H.  D.  PIERCE 

OVERTON  C.  PIERCE 

PAUL  LEON  PIERCE 

THOMAS  L.  PIERCE 

LEWIS  E.  PIERSON 

JEROME  G.  PIKE 

JOHN  HUGUET  PIKE 

SHEPARD  L.  PIKE 

JEROME  G.  PILLOW 

CHARLES  S.  PILLSBURY 

HENRI  ALEXIS  PINTARD 

JOHN  B.  PITNEY 

CHARLES  PESHALL  PLUNKETT 

ARTHUR  POILLON 

WILLIAM  BABCOCK  POLAND 

EMMETT  R.  POLLACK 

EUGENE  HILLHOUSE  POOL 

JOHN  H.  POOLE 

BENJAMIN  A.  POORE 

FRANCIS  H.  POPE 

JOHN  RUSSELL  POPE 

GUSTAVE  PORGES 

BRUCE  PORTER 

HORACE  PORTER 

PHILIP  POSENER 

GEORGE  B.  POST 

WILLIAM  H.  POTTER 

EMERY  POTTLE 

E.  ALEXANDER  POWELL 

GEORGE  ROWLAND  POWELL 

VHARLES  A.  POWERS 

CLYDE  A.  PRATT 

FRANCIS  C.  PRATT 

WILLIAM  VEAZIE  PRATT 


C2153 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

ROBERT  BRUCE  PREBLE 
AUGUSTIN  MITCHELL  PRENTISS 
RALPH  T.  PRESTON 
XENOPHON  PRICE 
MRS.  CHARLES  PRINCE 
CHARLES  ALBERT  PRINCE 
FREDERICK  H.  PRINCE 
MORTON  PRINCE 
HENRY  S.  PRITCHETT 
SEWARD  PROSSER 
RALPH  PULITZER 
DANIEL  D.  PULLEN 
ALDEN  C.  PURRINGTON 

DAVID  E.  PUTNAM 
GEORGE  HAVEN  PUTNAM 

JOHN  G.  QUEKEMEYER 

K.  B.  QUINAN 

JOHN  QUINN 

MRS.  CORNELIA  B.  SAGE  QUINTON 

LEONCE  RABILLON 

FRANCIS  .WILLIAM  RALSTON 

GEORGE  GIBIER  RAMBAUD 

NORMAN  F.  RAMSEY 

CHARLES  F.  RAND 

GEORGE  E.  RAND 

BENJAMIN  H.  RANDOLPH 

BUCKNER  M.  RANDOLPH 

H.  H.  RAYMOND 
GEORGE  WINDLE  READ 
FRED  C.  REDICK 
CHARLES  A.  L.  REED 
DAVID  A.  REED 
GEORGE  WHITEFIELD  FAY  REED 
R.  E.  REED 
WASHINGTON  REED 
JOHN  KROM  REES 
ROBERT  I.  REES 
THOMAS  H.  REES 


L2163 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

IRA  LOUIS  REEVES 

PATRICK  REGAN 

OGDEN  REID 

ELISABETH  MILLS  REID 

HENRY  JOSEPH  REILLY 

ADOLPHE  REITLINGER 

ALFRED  H.  REITLINGER 

J.  LEONARD  REPLOGLE 

WILLIAM  F.  REPP 

HARRY  F.  RETHERS 

ALEXANDER  H.  REVELL 

EMILE  REY 

CHARLES  RANSOM  REYNOLDS 

FREDERICK  P.  REYNOLDS 

WILLIAM  GRAHAM  REYNOLDS 

JAMES  C.  RHEA 

ALBERT  RHODES 

CHARLES  DUDLEY  RHODES 

EDWIN  WILBUR  RICE,  Jr. 

GEORGE  MARION  RICE 

JOHN  H.  RICE 

CHARLES  ARTHUR  RICHARDS 

CHARLES  B.  RICHARDS 

CHARLES  R.  RICHARDS 

GEORGE  RICHARDS 

LEWIS  RICHARDS 

JOHN  B.  RICHARDSON 

ROBERT  C.  RICHARDSON,  Jr. 

EDGAR  RICKARD 

EDWARD  V.  RICKENBACKER 

MAURICE  S.  RICKER 

PALMER  CHAMBERLAINE  RICKETTS 

JAMES  G.  RIDER 

HERBERT  B.  RIEBE 

B.  RIGGS 

JOSEPH  KARRICKS  RIGGS 

WILLIAM  HENRY  RIGGS 

CHARLES  VALENTINE  RILEY 

GEORGE  S.  ROBB 

CLAIR  C.  ROBERT 


L2173 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

ALTON  T.  ROBERTS 

ELMER  ROBERTS 

HORACE  GORDON  ROBERTS 

G.  H.  ROBERTSON 

HOWARD  MORLEY  ROBERTSON 

WILLIAM  A.  ROBERTSON 

E.  B.  ROBINETTE 

CORINNE  ROOSEVELT  ROBINSON 

FIELDING  S.  ROBINSON 

HENRY  MAURIS  ROBINSON 

SAMUEL  DICKERSON  ROCKENBACH 

JOHN  D.  ROCKEFELLER 

JOHN  D.  ROCKEFELLER,  Jr. 

FRANCIS  W.  ROCKWELL 

PAUL  ROCKWELL 

ROBERT  LOCKERBIE  ROCKWELL 

RAYMOND  PERRY  RODGERS 

HUGH  RODMAN 

BIRNIE  ROGERS 

FRANCIS  ROGERS 

HARRY  L.  ROGERS 

HOWARD  JASON  ROGERS 

WILLIAM  ALLEN  ROGERS 

JAMES  P.  ROLPH,  Jr. 

GEORGE  J.  ROMULUS 

JAMES  CLAWSON  ROOP 

S.  MONTGOMERY  ROOSEVELT 

THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 

EDWARD  G.  ROSE 

WICKELIFFE  ROSE 

GEORGE  F.  ROSELLE,  Jr. 

ERNEST  TOWER  ROSEN 

JOSEPH  GEORGE  ROSENGARTEN 

LEON  S.  ROUDIEZ 

ALICE  FLAVIE  ROULLIER 

ALBERT  EDWARD  ROUSSEL 

GUY  I.  ROWE 

MELVIN  W.  ROWELL 

GEORGE  F.  ROZELLE,  Jr. 

FREDERICK  W.  RUBIEN 


C218J 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

GEORGE  RUBLEE 
WALTER  H.  RUDDELL 
ERNEST  L.  RUFFNER 
JAMES  A.  RUGGLES 
SAMUEL  BULKLEY  RUGGLES 
STANLEY  M.  RUMBOUGH 
EDGAR  RUSSEL 
GEORGE  MOOR  RUSSELL 
GREELY  RUSSELL 
WILLIAM  WORTHINGTON  RUSSELL 
EDWARD  WILLIAM  RYAN 
JOHN  D.  RYAN 
W.  B.  RYAN 
CHARLES  W.  RYDER 

CHARLES  H.  SABIN 

WILLIAM  H.  SAGE 

AUGUSTUS  SAINT  GAUDENS 

CHARLES  EUCHARISTE  De  M.  SAJOUS 

LUCIUS  A.  SALISBURY 

FRANCIS  HENRY  SALTUS 

JOHN  SANFORD  SALTUS 

WILLIAM  R.  SAMPLE 

CHARLES  LEWIS  SAMPSON 

JOSEPH  B.  SANBORN 

ALVIN  C  SANDEFORT 

WILLIAM  FRANKLIN  SANDS 

C.  KELLOG  SANFORD 

JOHN  SINGER  SARGENT 

ALBERT  SAUVEUR 

HOWARD  P.  SAVAGE 

JOHN  MILLS  SAWYER 

W.  R.  SAYLES 

MISS  ELIZABETH  SCARBOROUGH 

GEORGE  CONRAD  SCHAFER 

WILLIAM  SCHAUSS 

ERNEST  SCHELLING 

LOUIS  C  SCHERER 

ALBERT  SCHINZ 

ADAM  EDWARD  SCHLANSER 


C2193 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

charles  thomas  schoen 

charles  d.  schofield 

frank  herman  schofield 

john  McAllister  schofield 

jacob  gould  schurman 

garret  lansing  schuyler 

charles  m.  schwab 

alfred  schweizer 

mrs.  peter  j.  schweitzer 

james  brown  scott 

john  scott 

walter  scott 

william  s.  scott 

frank  f.  scowden 

william  p.  screws 

janet  scudder 

gilbert  e.  seaman 

berend  rodrigue  sedgwick 

henry  renwick  sedgwick 

otto  h.  seiffert 

thomas  o.  selfridge 

david  w.  seligman 

jefferson  seligman 

william  seligman 

john  armstrong  sellards 

william  sellers 

theodore  seltzer 

lorenzo  semple 

louis  sentous 

sumner  sewall 

SAMUEL  SWAYZE  SEWARD,  Jr. 

JOHN  STEPHEN  SEWELL 

THOMAS  STEPHEN  SEYMOUR 

JOHN  C.  SHAFFER 

THOMAS  JOSEPH  SHAHAN 

MILLARD  K.  SHALER 

JAMES  A.  SHANNON 

WILLIAM  GRAVES  SHARP 

SAMUEL  GRANT  SHARTLE 

HENRY  A.  SHAW 


C^o] 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

MAURICE  SHEARER 

EDWARD  SHEARSON 

HENRY  H.  SHEEN 

LEWIS  P.  SHELDON 

RAYMOND  SHELDON 

CREDDY  C.  SHEPARD 

ELLIOTT  FITCH  SHEPARD 

WILLIAM  EDGAR  SHEPHERD,  Jr. 

WILLIAM  H.  SHEPHERD 

CHARLES  H.  SHERRILL 

LEO  M.  SHIPLEY 

THOMAS  A.  SHIPTON 

M.  W.  SHOCKLEY 

HARRY  E.  SHOEMAKER 

WALTER  C.  SHORT 

HERBERT  E.  SHREEVE 

GEORGE  K.  SHULER 

GEORGE  A.  SHUMAN 

WILLIAM  L.  SIBERT 

DANIEL  E.  SICKLES 

CHARLES  DWIGHT  SIGSBEE 

LINDSEY  McD.  SILVESTER 

FRANK  H.  SIMONDS 

GEORGE  SHERWIN  SIMONDS 

W.  E.  SIMONDS 

AIKEN  SIMONS 

MARCIUS  ANTES  SIMONS 

ALSTON  RAYMUR  SIMPSON 

RICHARD  LYLE  SIMPSON 

WILLIAM  H.  SIMPSON 

WILLIAM  SNOWDEN  SIMS 

WILLIAM  GEORGE  SIRED 

WILLIAM  A.  SIRMON 

FREDERIC  JAMES  VOLNEY  SKIFF 

MISS  BELLE  SKINNER 

RICHARD  DANA  SKINNER 

WILLIAM  SKINNER 

ARTHUR  J.  SLADE 

GEORGE  THERON  SLADE 

FREDERICK  W.  SLADEN 


C221] 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

CHARLES  CHURCHILL  SLAYTON 

HENRY  DAVIS  SLEEPER 

WILLIAM  MILLIGAN  SLOANE 

EVELYN  GARNAUT  SMALLEY 

ALEXANDER  SMITH 

ARTHUR  ST.  CLAIR  SMITH 

BARRY  C.  SMITH 

CHARLES  EARLE  SMITH 

CHARLES  ROBINSON  SMITH 

CLARENCE  BROWNING  SMITH 

EDGAR  F.  SMITH 

FREDERICK  SMITH 

HARRY  A.  SMITH 

HENRY  M.  SMITH 

HUGH  ALLISON  SMITH 

JOHN  LAURENCE  SMITH 

MRS.  JOSEPH  LINDON  SMITH 

JOSEPH  M.  B.  SMITH 

K.  R.  SMITH 

LELAND  L.  SMITH 

LYMAN  SMITH 

ORMOND  G.  SMITH 

ROY  CAMPBELL  SMITH 

STUART  FARRAR  SMITH 

WALTER  DRISCOLL  SMITH 

WILLARD  ADELBERT  SMITH 

WILLIAM  R.  SMITH 

HENRY  C.  SMITHER 

JOHN  FRANKLIN  SMULSKI 

ALBERT  H.  SMYTH 

WILLIAM  ARTHUR  SNOW 

WILLIAM  J.  SNOW 

OLIVER  SNYDER 

ROBERT  SOUBRIAN 

WILLIAM  E.  SOUTHARD 

HENRY  SPENCER  SPACKMAN 

A.  G.  SPALDING 

GEORGE  R.  SPALDING 

JOHN  HENRY  SPAULDING 

EUGENE  JACCARD  SPENCER 


11222^ 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

LORILLARD  SPENCER 

MARCELLUS  G.  SPINKS 

MRS.  ALMA  De  BRETTEVILLE  SPRECKELS 

O.  SQUIER 

DAVID  SHERIDAN  STANLEY 

EDWARD  M.  STANNARD 

CHARLES  EGBERT  STANTON 

ROBERT  STANTON 

GORDON  STAPLETON 

ALEXANDER  N.  STARK 

ALEXANDER  N.  STARK,  Jr. 

JOSEPH  WHEELER  STARKEY 

PAUL  N.  STARLINGS 

EDWARD  J.  STEICHEN 

CHARLES  HERMAN  STEINWAY 

FREDERICK  T.  STEINWAY 

ERNEST  STENGER 

MONTAIGU  M.  STERLING 

C.  STERN 

LOUIS  STERN 

RUSSELL  STERN 

JOSEPH  EDMUND  STERRETT 

EDWARD  R.  STETTINIUS 

JOHN  FRANK  STEVENS 

LEMUEL  M.  STEVENS 

RAYMOND  BARTLETT  STEVENS 

MRS.  CORNELIUS  STEVENSON 

MISS  MARY  STEVENSON 

RESTOR  STEVENSON 

GEORGE  E.  STEWART 

MERCH  B.  STEWART 

JOHN  L.  STICHT 

HENRY  A.  STICKNEY 

HENRY  HUBERT  STICKNEY,  Jr, 

J.  A.  STILLMAN 

JOSEPH  W.  STILLWELL 

A.  G.  STIRLING 

ARCHIBALD  J.  STIRLING 

YATES  STIRLING,  Jr. 

JAMES  STOKES 


L223  3 


NAPOLEON'S   LEGION 

ANSON  PHELPS  STOKES 

DAVID  L.  STONE 

EDWARD  R.  STONE 

MELVILLE  ELIJAH  STONE 

FRANK  VANCE  STORRS 

JULIAN  STORY 

WILLIAM  WETMORE  STORY 

EDWARD  TOWNSEND  STOTESBURY 

JOHN  BAER  STOUDT 

JAMES  E.  STOWERS 

JAMES  F.  STRAIN 

SAMUEL  W.  STRATTON 

JOSEPH  STRAUSS 

EDWARD  HENRY  STROBEL 

BENJAMIN  STRONG 

GEORGE  V.  STRONG 

RICHARD  PEARSON  STRONG 

FRANK  STUHL 

WALTER  STEPHEN  STURGILL 

W.  P.  STYMUS,  Jr. 

CHARLES  P.  SUMMERALL 

LELAND  L.  SUMMERS 

EDWIN  VOSE  SUMNER 

DUDLEY  V.  SUTPHIN 

WYMAN  R.  SWAN 

AMBROSE  SWASEY 

CHARLES  SWEENEY 

WALTER  C.  SWEENEY 

GEORGE  COOK  SWEET 

JOHN  SWINBURNE 

JOSEPH  M.  SWING 

GERARD  SWOPE 

CHARLES  J.  SYMMONDS 

R.  TACH 

WILLIS  J.  TACK 

RALPH  TALBOT,  Jr. 

SAMUEL  G.  TALBOTT 

HENRI  OSSAWA  TANNER 

GEORGE  CORNELL  TARLER 

[224:1 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

ARTHUR  NEWMAN  TASKER 

AUGUSTUS  G.  TASSIN 

MRS.  E.  ADOLPHE  TAUFFLIEB 

FRANK  WILLIAM  TAUSSIG 

BRAINERD  TAYLOR 

CARL  TAYLOR 

DAVID  W.  TAYLOR 

EDWARD  ROBESON  TAYLOR 

EMERSON  GIFFORD  TAYLOR 

FREDERIC  WILLIAM  TAYLOR 

HARRY  TAYLOR 

HENRY  M.  TAYLOR 

ROY  TAYLOR 

WILLIAM  WATTS  TAYLOR 

WALTER  CLARK  TEAGLE 

ROBERT  G.  THACH 

WILLIAM  THAW,  II. 

WILLIAM  SYDNEY  THAYER 

HUGO  PAUL  THIEME 

AUGUSTUS  THOMAS 

EDWARD  C.  O.  THOMAS 

EUGENE  PEEPLES  THOMAS 

JOHN  R.  THOMAS,  Jr. 

S.  SEYMOUR  THOMAS 

CHARLES  FULLINGTON  THOMPSON 

CHARLES  THADDEUS  THOMPSON 

JOSEPH  H.  THOMPSON 

ROBERT  J.  THOMPSON 

ROBERT  MEANS  THOMPSON 

ELIHU  THOMSON 

HOWARD  THOMSON 

ERNEST  THURNAUER 

CHARLES  L.  TIFFANY 

LOUIS  COMFORT  TIFFANY 

FRED  A.  TILLMAN 

MATTHEW  S.  TINLY 

JOHN  KENNEDY  TOD 

R.  S.  TOD 

DAVID  WOOSTER  TODD 

HENRY  STANLEY  TODD 

C»5U 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

ralph  b.  todd 
william  howe  tolman 

j.  t.  tompkins 

charles  t.  tompson 

charlemagne  tower 

curtis  Mcdonald  townsend 

john  w.  trager 

peter  e.  traub 

miss  camilla  treadwell 

lambert  tree 

h.  b.  tremaine 

john  b.  trevor 

clement  augustus  trott 

augustus  trowbridge 

s.  breck  parkman  trowbridge 

edward  tuck 

mrs.  edward  tuck 

somerville  pinckney  tuck 

mrs.  william  tuck 

fleming  tuckerman 

herschel  tupes 

archibald  d.  turnbull 

arthur  h.  turner 

robert  turner 

george  evans  turnure 

percy  r.  turnure 

julius  s.  turrill 

arnold  dwight  tuttle 

mrs.  george  montgomery  tuttle 

herbert  j.  twelvetree 

nathan  crook  twining 

louis  v.  twyeffort 

royall  tyler 

mrs.  royall  tyler 

robert  h.  tyndall 

george  parker  tyner 

mrs.  russell  tyson 

james  alexander  ulio 
julien  stevens  ulman 


1**1 


AMERICA'S   ROSTER 

JOHN  THOMAS  UNDERWOOD 

FRANCIS  B.  UPHAM 

FRANK  BROOKS  UPHAM 

JOHN  JACQUES  UPHAM 

LEROY  S.  UPTON 

J.  DAVID  URQUHART 

NATHANIEL  R.  USHER 

EMILE  UTARD 

EUGENE  LAURENT  VAIL 

ROBERT  M.  VAIL 

M.  VALENTIN 

CARR  V.  VAN  ANDA 

RALPH  H.  VAN  DEMAN 

CORNELIUS  VANDERBILT 

MRS.  W.  K.  VANDERBILT 

WILLIAM  KISSAM  VANDERBILT 

FRANK  A.  VANDERLIP 

NORMAN  R.  Van  der  VEER 

HENRY  VanDYKE 

paul  Vandyke 

john  van  reed 

warren  c.  van  slyke 

a.  e.  van  valkenburg 

daniel  van  voorhis 

samuel  m.  vauclain 

victor  c.  vaughan 

sidney  barnard  veit 

jules  henri  venon 

paul  verdier 

m.  j.  m.  vergnolle 

cyrille  joseph  eugene  vermeren 

charles  bruce  vibbert 

george  vidmer 

egbert  louis  viele 

henry  vignaud 

PAUL  De  VILAINE 
CARLOS  A.  VILLANUEVA 

EUGENE  VILLARET 
GEORGE  EDGAR  VINCENT 


C227  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

GEORGE  H.  VINCENT 
C.  E.  VOTAM 

SANFORD  H.  WADHAMS 

MAX  R.  WAINER 
RICHARD  WAINWRIGHT 

H.  M.  WAITE 
FREDERIC  C.  WALCOTT 

LIONEL  WALDEN 

ALBERT  E.  WALDRON 

WILLIAM  H.  WALDRON 

PHILIPP  WALHER 

ELAIN  WALKER 

MRS.  EVELYN  WALKER 

MERIWETHER  LEWIS  WALKER 

MRS.  E.  BERRY  WALL 

HUGH  CAMPBELL  WALLACE 

JAMES  N.  WALLACE 

WILLIAM  B.  WALLACE 

LITTLETON  W.  T.  WALLER,  Jr. 

ROBERT  DOUGLAS  WALSH 

ROBERT  E.  WALSH 

HENRY  WALTERS 

ROBERT  WALTON,  Jr. 

JOHN  WANAMAKER 

RODMAN  WANAMAKER 

H.  BARCLAY  WARBURTON 

CABOT  WARD 

FRANKLIN  W.  WARD 

RALPH  T.  WARD 

JOHN  ASHLEY  WARDEN 

JAMES  G.  WARE 

CHARLES  ELLIOTT  WARREN 

EDWARD  WARREN 

LLOYD  WARREN 

WHITNEY  WARREN 

MRS.  WHITNEY  WARREN 

PAUL  WASHBURN 

MAX  WASSERMANN 

HERBERT  GRAY  WATERS 


[228] 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

EDWIN  M.  WATSON 

JOHN  JAY  WATSON 

SAMUEL  NEWELL  WATSON 

HENRY  WATTERSON 

GEORGE  CREIGHTON  WEBB 

JOHN  R.  WEBB 

WALTER  D.  WEBB 

JULES  WEBER 

CHARLES  WEEDEN 

RAYMOND  WEEKS 

WILLIAM  WEIGEL 

EDMOND  WEIL 

ALPHONSE  DAVID  WEILL 

FELIX  WEILL 

RAPHAEL  WEILL 

JOSEPH  D.  WEIS 

WILLIAM  H.  WELCH 

EDWARD  M.  WELLES,  Jr. 

roger  welles 

briant  h.  wells 

t.  tileston  wells 

daniel  bertsch  wentz 

charles  gifford  west 

r.  john  west 

william  i.  westervelt 

george  westinghouse 

charles  christophe  weybrecht 

bruno  weyers 

grover  a.  whalen 

mrs.  edith  wharton 

henry  wharton 

charles  brewster  wheeler 

herbert  locke  wheeler 

nathaniel  wheeler 

frank  b.  wheelock 

sherburne  whipple 

james  McNeill  whistler 

clement  c  whitcomb 

andrew  dickson  white 

D.  W.  WHITE 


C229  3 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

DAVID  STUART  WHITE 

GILBERT  WHITE 

HERBERT  H.  WHITE 

JULIEN  LEROY  WHITE 

JUSTIN  Du  PRATT  WHITE 

RICHARD  D.  WHITE 

WALTER  C.  WHITE 

HENRY  J.  WHITEHOUSE 

CHARLES  LEWIS  WHITING 

KENNETH  WHITING 

MRS.  ARMSTRONG  WHITING 

FRANKLIN  L.  WHITLEY 

HAROLD  CUTLER  WHITMAN 

WALTER  MONTEITH  WHITMAN 

MRS.  BELLE  ARMSTRONG  WHITNEY 

G.  J.  WHITNEY 

MRS.  HARRY  PAYNE  WHITNEY 

HENRY  HOWARD  WHITNEY 

MRS.  JANE  MARIE  WHITNEY 

PAYNE  WHITNEY 

CHARLES  W.  WHITTLESEY 

CORNELIUS  WICKERSHAM 

GEORGE  W.  WICKERSHAM 

FORSYTH  WICKES 

ALBERT  HENRY  WIGGIN 

JOHN  HENRY  WIGMORE 

PERCY  WIKES 

RAY  LYMAN  WILBUR 

MICHAEL  WILBURN 

CORNELIUS  W.  WILCOX 

FELIX  WILDENSTEIN 

RENE  WILDENSTEIN 

CONRAD  HENRI  WILDHAGEN 

H.  C.  WILDHAGEN 

HARVEY  WASHINGTON  WILEY 

LOUIS  WILEY 

WILLIAM  J.  WILGUS 

HARRY  WILKINS 

GORDON  COOPER  WILKINSON 

CORNELIUS  DE  WITT  WILLCOX 


Z*3°l 


AMERICA'S  ROSTER 

C.  WILLIAMS 

CHARLES  F.  WILLIAMS 

CHARLES  WYTHE  WILLIAMS 

CLARENCE  CHARLES  WILLIAMS 

CLARK  WILLIAMS 

EZEKIEL  J.  WILLIAMS 

JOHN  WILLIAMS 

LINDSLY  RUDD  WILLIAMS 

RALEIGH  C.  WILLIAMS 

RICHARD  H.  WILLIAMS 

RICHARD  WILLIAMS,  2nd 

RAYMOND  E.  S.  WILLIAMSON 

ROYDEN  WILLIAMSON 

FORREST  E.  WILLIFORD 

HAROLD  WILLIS 

WILLIAM  FRANKLIN  WILLOUGHBY 

W.  H.  WILMER 

GEORGE  R.  WILSON 

GUY  M.  WILSON 

HENRY  BRAID  WILSON 

JAMES  M.  WILSON 

PIERRE  L.  WILSON 

WILLIAM  H.  WILSON 

EDWIN  B.  WINANS 

FRANK  LONG  WINN 

JOHN  SHERIDAN  WINN 

BLANTON  WINSHIP 

ALAN  F.  WINSLOW 

FRANCIS  A.  WINTER 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  WINTERBURN 

BERTRAND  WINTHROP 

THOMAS  F.  WIRTH 

FREDERIC  M.  WISE 

STEPHEN  SAMUEL  WISE 

FRANK  S.  WITHERBEE 

WALTER  C.  WITHERBEE 

EDMUND  WITTEMYER 

PAUL  ALEXANDER  WOLF 

ORRIN  R.  WOLFE 
SAMUEL  HERBERT  WOLFE 


[231] 


NAPOLEON'S  LEGION 

ERIC  FISHER  WOOD 

HENRY  WOOD 

LEONARD  WOOD 

RICHARD  G.  WOOD 

WALTER  A.  WOOD 

C.  K.  WOODBRIDGE 

SAMUEL  WOODFILL 

JAMES  A.  WOODRUFF 

ARTHUR  WOODS 

ROBERT  GAILEY  WOODSIDE 

BENJAMIN  DURYEA  WOODWARD 

DUDLEY  W.  WOODWARD 

CLARENCE  MOTT  WOOLLEY 

THEODORE  S.  WOOLSEY,  Jr. 

G.  E.  WOTAN 

CARROLL  D.  WRIGHT 

GEORGE  L.  WRIGHT 

JOHN  W.  WRIGHT 

ORVILLE  WRIGHT 

WILLIAM  MASON  WRIGHT 

BERNARD  LANGDON  WYATT 

CHARLES  L.  WYMAN 

GUY  HERBERT  WYMAN 

ERNEST  M.  YANTIS 

ARTHUR  W.  YATES 

FRANK  DANIEL  YOTT 

RICE  McNUTT  YOUELL 

BERT  E.  YOUNG 

CARL  A.  YOUNG 

CASTLE  YOUNG 

GORDON  RUSSELL  YOUNG 

OWEN  YOUNG 

SAMUEL  B.  YOUNG 

GILBERT  A.  YOUNGBERG 

VERNON  B.  ZACHER 

EDMUND  ZANE 

J.  ENRIQUE  ZANETTI 

FLORENZ  ZIEGFELD 

ALEXANDER  ZNAMIECKI 


C232] 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Americans,  56,  86,  87,  109,  no,  150, 
157,  158,  159,  160,  162;  first,  108; 
Fund  for  French  Wounded,  the, 
141;  law,  the,  106;  participation 
in  the  World  War,  86;  Revolu- 
tion, the,  89;  room,  the,  89;  women 
who  received  Legion  of  Honor 
cross,  list  of,  138,  139,  141,  161. 

Amiens,  treaty  of,  20. 

Anacharsis,  13. 

Andorra,  107. 

Antoinette,  Marie,  126. 

Arc  de  Triomphe,  the,  81,  84. 

Archives  of  the  order,  61,  84. 

Arcole,  bridge  at,  30,  44. 

Argentine,  107. 

Arms  of  Honor,  35,  48. 

Army  of  Italy,  15. 

Arnault,  44. 

Aubusson  carpet,  82. 

Augereau,  23,  50. 

Austerlitz,  119;  the  battle  of,  58. 

Austrians,  106. 

Awards  of  Honor  to  French  Reg- 
iments and  Divisions,  43. 


Bacciochi,  Felix,  99. 

Bank  of  France,  the,  25. 

Barbe,  Sister  (Mme.  Jeanne  Chag- 

ny),  138. 
Barbeaux,    58;    in   Seine-et-Marne, 

119. 
Barthelemy,  the  speech  of,  21. 
Bastille,  42,  54. 
Bayard,  56. 

Beauharnais,  Hortense,  126,  128. 
Bee,  Abbey  of,  50. 
Belgium,  106,  107. 
Benedictine  Order,  120. 
Berlier,  16. 
Bernadotte,  23,  50. 
Berthier,  Marshal,  23,  50,  94,  99. 
Bertholet,  56. 
Bessieres,  23,  50. 
Biennais,  96. 


Bonaparte,  Jerome,  94,  98,  101. 

Bonaparte,  Joseph,  50,  97,  98,  99, 
101. 

Bonaparte,  Louis,  98,  99,  101. 

Bonaparte,  Lucien,  36,  45,  50. 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  18,  19,  20, 
21,  24,  25,  29,  30,  35,  36,  45,  89, 
96,  102;  Chief  of  the  Legion,  50; 
First  Consul,  21,  47,  50,  83,  96; 
first  proclamation  by,  20;  his  dis- 
solution of  the  Legislative  Coun- 
cil, 19;  his  mind,  36;  Perpetual 
Consul,  2 1 ;  President  of  the  Coun- 
cil, 50;  recalled  from  Egypt,  14;  he 
recalls  the  clergy,  19;  his  seizure 
of  power,  20;  his  genius  as  an  ad- 
ministrator, 21. 

Bonheur,  Rosa,  138. 

Boulogne  Camp,  $6. 

Bourrienne,  44. 

Brazil,  107. 

Breteche,  Lieutenant,  42,  43. 

Brillat-Savarin,  56. 

British  subjects,  106. 

Bucquet,  Maurice,  86. 

Bulgaria,  107. 


Cambaceres,  Duke  of  Parma  and 
Arch  Chancellor  of  the  Empire; 
Grand  Chancellor  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor,  36,  56,  98,  99. 

Cambon,  Jules,  French  Ambassa- 
dor, 158. 

Cambrai,  74. 

Campan,  Madame,  58,  126,  127, 
128,  129,  130,  135,  143. 

Canada,  107. 

Cardinal-Archbishop  of  Paris,  the, 

55- 

Casanova,  89. 

Chagny,  Mme.  Jeanne  (Sister  Bar- 
be),  138. 

Chancellery,  87,  148;  fees,  the,  64, 
no. 

Charles  X,  130. 


1*351 


INDEX 


Charles- Louis-Frederick,    Grand 

Duke  of  Baden,  98. 
Chasseurs  of  the  Guard,  54. 
Chateaudun,  74. 
Chateau-Thierry,  74. 
Chenier,  Marie-Joseph,  42,  §6. 
Chesquiere,  Virginie,  136. 
Chevalier,  37,  61,  62,  63,  64,  69,  71, 

78,  105,  108,  hi,  113,  115,  137, 

147;  cross  of,  93;  ribbon  of,  142. 
Chief  of  the  State,  the,  98. 
Chile,  107. 

Christ,  the  tomb  of,  32. 
Chronicles  of  French  Bravery,  136. 
Cincinnati,  the,  157. 
Clement  V,  Pope,  32. 
Cluny  Museum,  the,  120. 
Code  Napoleon,  25. 
Cohorts,  list  of,  47,  48,  49,  50;  of 

the  Legion,  the  first,  120. 
Collier,  the,  93,  97,  98,  99;  awards, 

list    of,    98,    99;    of  the    Golden 

Fleece,  the,  93;  of  the  Order,  96. 
Commandants,  47,  48,  53,  55. 
Commanders,  60-64,  69-73,  93,  105, 

in,  115;  cross  of,  78;  ribbon  of, 

142. 
Commune   of    1871,    the,    81,    107, 

108. 
Concordat,  the,  22. 
Conde  family,  the,  120. 
Congress,  106. 
Constitution,  new,  19;  of  1793,  the, 

Constitutional  Charter,  the,  113. 

Consul,  the  First,  19,  22,  44,  45,  47, 
76,  81. 

Convention,  the,  42. 

Corinthian  order,  the  purest,  81. 

Council,  the,  50;  of  Administration, 
president  of  the,  47;  of  Ministers, 
The,  78;  of  State,  16,  44,  45;  of 
the  Order,  the,  73,  84. 

Councilors,  44;  of  State,  the,  47. 

Country,  defense  of,  13. 

Coup  d'etat  of  18th  Brumaire,  19. 

Court  of  Honor,  the,  81. 

Croix  de  Guerre,  the,  88. 

Croix  des  braves,  35,  100. 

Cross,  the,  77;  of  Saint  Louis,  the, 
34,  41;  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
the,    69,    159;    Republican   form, 

77- 
Crown,  the,  100. 
Crusades,  the,  33. 


Cuba,  107. 

Czar,  the,  130;  Alexander  of  Russia, 
130. 

Czecho-SIovakia,  107. 

Daeschner,  Ambassador,  167. 

Dagobert,  King,  throne  of,  56. 

Dames  du  Palais,  22. 

Daumesnil,  Baroness,  143. 

Davout,  General,  Duke  d'Auer- 
staedt,  23,  50,  74,  83. 

De  Beauchamp,  Marquis,  86. 

De  Beauharnais,  Eugene,  98;  Fan- 
nie, 135;  Stephanie-Louise-Adri- 
enne,  98. 

De  Beausset,  22. 

De  Bouillon,  Godfrey,  32. 

De  Bourgoing,  Baroness,  143. 

De  Bruges,  Viscount,  73. 

De  Champreux,  Marquis,  86. 

Decres,  50. 

De  Flahaut,  General  Count,  83. 

De  Genlis,  Mme.,  135. 

Dejean,  General,  Grand  Treasurer, 
50. 

De    Lauriston,  Mme.,  22. 

Delessert,  29,  30. 

Delmas  division,  the,  43. 

De  Lucay,  Mme.,  22. 

De  Montmorency,  Anne,  Grand 
Constable  of  France,  119. 

De  Noel,  Mme.,  135. 

De  Pradt,  Baron,  73. 

Deputies,  65,  1 13. 

De  Ragis,  Mme.  Abicot,  137. 

De  Remusat,  22. 

De  Rothschild,  Baron,  149. 

De  Saint-Didier,  22. 

Desaix,  23. 

De  Segur,  Grand  Master  of  Cere- 
monies, 55. 

D'Esperey,  Marshal  Franchet,  151. 

De  Stael,  Madame,  82,  135. 

De  Talhouet,  Mme.,  22. 

De  Talleyrand,  Grand  Chamberlin, 

55- 
Dieulafoy  Mme.,  138. 
Dijon,  74. 

Directory,  the,  43,  82,  135. 
Doistan,  M.,  149. 
Donors,  150. 

D'Ornano,  General  Count,  73,  83. 
Douai,  74. 

Doumergue,  President,  87. 
Dubail,  General,  Grand  Chancellor 


n^n 


INDEX 


of  the  Legion,  74,  86,  148,  151; 

call  of,  87;  his  idea  of  a  Legion  of 

Honor  Museum,  90. 
Du  Bouzet,  Baroness,  130,  143. 
Duchaffault,  Count,  86. 
Duchemin,  Angelique,  137. 
Du  Guesclin,  56. 
Dunkerque,  74. 
Duroc,  44. 
Duruy,  Victor,  143. 
Duryea  War  Relief  Committee,  the, 

I4I- 
DusouIIier,   Mme.    (Sister  Helene), 

137. 

Ecouen,  58,  59,  63,  119,  120,  121, 
122,  123,  127,  128,  129,  130,  132, 
J35;  graduates  of,  152;  school  at, 
141. 

Edison,  Thomas,  109. 

Educational  institutions,  85. 

Edward  III  of  England,  33. 

Egypt,  43,  107,  138. 

Elba,  77. 

Elysee,  the  French  White  House, 
139. 

Empire,  First,  53,  55,  94,  96,  100, 
101,  in,  112,  113,  129;  Second, 
77,  96,  109,  113. 

Empress,  the,  54,  128. 

England,  §6,  106;  rejection  of  peace 
offer  of,  20. 

Equality,  17,  22,  23,  34,  48. 

Erfurt,  Emperor  at,  25. 

Eugenie,  Empress,  109,  129. 

Euripides,  135. 

Europe,  crowned  heads  of,  57;  paci- 
fication of,  20. 

Faure,  Felix,  130. 

Fesch,  Cardinal,  99. 

Finland,  107. 

Fontainebleau,  49,  121,  124. 

Foreign  Affairs,  Ministry  of,  78. 

Foreign  Members,  no,  149. 

Fouche,  56. 

Fourragere,  the,  75 ;  of  the  Croix  de 
Guerre,  75,  76;  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,  76;  regiments  that  have 
won  this  honor,  76;  of  the  Me- 
daille  Militaire,  76. 

France,  18,  21,  25,  31,  82,  100,  105, 
107,  no,  141,  149,  150,  157,  158, 
159,  160,  162,  164,  165,  167;  citi- 
zen of,  71;  exhibits  of,  82;  King 


of,  113;  of  1802,  the,  20;  of  Na- 
poleon, the,  24;  revolutionary,  14; 
soul  of,  34. 

Franco-American  amity,  166. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  89,  108. 

French  people,  the,  17,  20;  cause  of, 
141,  160;  character  of,  15,  25,  65, 
160;  Government  of,  64,  75,  82, 
I39>  l57>  influence  and  control  of, 
159;  motives  of,  46;  National  Or- 
ders, 86;  Red  Cross,  the,  167; 
Revolution,  the,  33,  41. 

Gardanne,  General,  44. 

Gaul,  Empress  of,  22. 

General  Secretary  of  the  Council, 
the,  72,  142. 

German  fleece,  the,  100. 

Germans,  106. 

Golden  Fleeces  of  Spain  and  Ger- 
many, the,  100. 

Gouvion-Saint-Cyr,  23. 

Government,    the    French,    19,    24, 

46,  47,  48,  53,  60,  61,  62;  bonds, 
59,  63;  subsidy,  63. 

Grand  Chancellery,  Legion  of  Hon- 
or, 63,  78,  81,  85,  86,  106,  107, 
109,  147. 

Grand  Chancellor,  Legion  of  Hon- 
or, 55,  61,  72,  73,  77,  81,  83,  84, 
98,  120,  125,  129,  132,  143;  list  of, 
73,  74,  83. 

Grand  Collier,  70. 

Grand  Cordon,  93. 

Grand  Council,   Legion  of  Honor, 

47,  48,  50,  57,  85. 

Grand  Cross,  Legion  of  Honor,  61, 

62,  64,  69,  70,  72,  73,  78,  93,  95, 
98,  105,  in,  114,  115,  142, 
147. 

Grand  Decoration,  the,  57. 

Grand  Eagle,  the,  57. 

Grand  Officer,  47,  48,  53,  60,  61,  62, 

63,  64,  69,  70,  72,  73,  93,  105,  1 1 1, 
114;  cross  of,  77,  78. 

Grand  Master,  41,  54,  70,  98;  in- 
signia of,  70;  ex-officio,  69. 
Great  Britain,  107,  108. 
Greece,  29,  107;   youths  of,  13. 
Grenadier  of  France,  First,  44. 

Hatton-Chatel,  reconstruction,  the, 

141. 
Helene,  Sister   (Mme.   DusouIIier), 

137. 


C237  3 


INDEX 


Henry  III,  33,  88. 

Henry  IV,  33,  77,  88,  89,  95,  96. 

Herrick,  Myron  T.,  m,  151,  159, 

160,  163. 
Hoche,  23. 
Holland,   100,   107,  150;  Queen  of, 

129. 
Honneur  et  Patrie,  13,  53,  57,  69, 

70,  77,  84,  94,  95,  96,  141,  160. 
Honor,  17,  20,  46,  112,  113. 
Hortense,  Queen,  58,  126,  127,  128. 
Humanity,  102;  sacred  interests  of, 

20. 
Hundred  Days,  the,  77. 
Hyde,  James  Hazen,  158. 

Ingres,  89,  98. 

International    Exposition    of    1900, 

139;  of  1915,  at  San  Francisco,  82. 
Invalides,  the,  54,  85,  97. 
Isabey,  95,  127. 
Italy,  15,  43,  106,  107;  campaign  in, 

20,  43;  the  Kingdom  of,  100. 

Jaley,  L.,  94. 

Japan,  106,  107. 

Jean  II  of  France,  33. 

Jeanne-Claire,  Sister  (Mme.  Mas- 
sin),  138. 

Jemmapes,  battle  of,  42. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  135. 

Josephine,  Empress,  22,  95,  128; 
the  children  of,  58. 

Joubert,  23;  division,  43. 

Jouy  factory,  95. 

Jusserand,  J.  J.,  158,  159,  161,  163, 
166,  167. 

Juvenal,  13,  14,  29. 

Kingdom  of  Serbs,  Croats  and  Slo- 
venes, 150. 

Kleber,  23. 

Knight  (Chevalier),  37,  69,  70,  71, 
72. 

Knight  of  Rhodes  and  of  Malta,  32. 

Lacepede,  Count,  50,  73,  77,  82,  83, 

85. 
Lafayette,  42,  56,  89. 
Landrecies,  74. 
Lannes,  23,  50. 
La  Reole,  Abbey  of,  50. 
La  Tour  d'Auvergne,  44. 
La  Venerie,  Chateau  of,  50. 


Lebrun,  Third  Consul,  50. 

Lefebvre,  General,  23,  44,  50. 

Legendre  de  Lucay,  22. 

Legion  of  Honor,  Alumnae  Associa- 
tion of,  151,  152;  awarded  to 
cities  and  military  groups,  74,  75 ; 
cross  of  the,  36,  53,  57,  63,  77,  82, 
94,  97,  137,  160;  educational  insti- 
tutions of,  64;  ex-officio  chief  of, 
47;  foreign  members  of,  63;  in 
France,  88;  insignia  of,  53,  57,  74; 
ladies  of,  143;  members  of,  86; 
membership  in,  64;  nations  in, 
list  of,  107;  original  sixteen  cohorts 
of,  82;  palace  of,  86;  pupils  of 
the  institutions  of,  130;  roster  of, 
107,  108;  schools  of,  131,  152; 
Society  in  the  United  States,  161. 

Legionnaires,  47,  48,  54,  55,  58,  60, 
61,  64,  71,  72,  85,  86,  95,  107,  109, 
no,  113,  114,  147,  148,  150,  160, 
162;  American,  87,  151,  157,  159, 
161,  165;  civilian,  114;  Danish, 
150;  daughters  of,  58,  62;  first, 
in;  foreign,  106,  no,  in,  150; 
French,  87,  106,  no,  in,  132; 
in  Argentina,  150;  military,  62, 
63,  114;  of  1871,  the,  86,  87; 
of  French  Army  and  Navy,  no; 
of  high  rank,  64;  widows  and  or- 
phans of,  120,  147,  148;  wives  of, 
152;  women,  138. 

Legislation,  46. 

Legislative  Assembly,  36,  45,  47. 

Lemoine,  97. 

Lens,  74. 

Les  Loges,  58,  59,  61,  63,  119,  120, 
130,  132,  141;  graduates  of,  152. 

Liberty,  17,  20,  22,  23,  48. 

Liege,  74. 

Lighthouse  for  the  Blind,  the, 
141. 

Little  Corporal,  the,  30. 

Livre  d'Or  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 
83. 

Lombardy,  the  crown  of,  100. 

Loo,  Van,  88. 

Louis  XI,  33;  XIII,  120;  XIV,  33, 
41;  XV,  33,  126;  XVI,  88,  89; 
XVIII,  33,  34,  37,  60,  76,  77,  112, 

Louis-Philippe,  77,  95,  112,  130. 
Louvre,  the,  99. 
Lucian,  13. 
Luxemburg,  107. 


C238: 


INDEX 


Macdonald,  Marshal,  Duke  of  Ta- 

rente,  23,  73,  83. 
Malmaison,  dinner  at,  44. 
Marceau,  23. 
March,  General,  in. 
Marengo,  battle  of,  44. 
Marguerite,  Victor,  65. 
Marie- Louise,  130. 
Marie-Therese-Charlotte,  129. 
Marmont,  23. 
Marseillaise,  La,  23. 
Marshals   of  France,   the,   54,   $6, 

87., 
Massena,  23,  50;  division,  43. 
Massin,  Mme.  (Sister  Jean-Claire), 

138. 
Medaille  Militaire,  62,  88. 
Membres    Adherents,     149;    Titu- 

Iaires,  149. 
Meneval,  44. 

Military  Decoration,  41,  42. 
Ministry,  Departments  of,  78. 
Montaigne,  31. 
Mont  Carmel,  102. 
Montmorency  family,  arms  of,  120; 

Dukes  of,  58. 
Moreau,  23. 
Morocco,  107,  167. 
Mortier,  Marshal,  Duke  de  Trevise, 

23,  50,  73,  83. 
Mount  Carmel,  cross  of,  88. 
Murat,  General  Joachim,  23,  30,  44, 

50,  98. 
Museum,  Legion  of  Honor,  86. 

Nancy,  74. 

Napoleon,  armies  of,  160,  135,  136; 
as  Emperor,  of  the  French,  37, 
53,  94,  in,  119;  as  First  Consul, 
44;  as  King  of  Italy,  99;  departure 
of,  for  Elba,  95;  forms  a  national 
order,  16;  his  idea  of  women,  135; 
his  return  to  France,  44.  (See 
also  Bonaparte.) 

Napoleonic  chapeau,  the,  83 ;  crosses, 
94;  dynasty,  35;  Eagle,  100;  peri- 
od, 30,  89;  room,  89. 

Napoleon  III,  63,  96,  98,  113,  120, 
!30>  J37;  overthrow  of,  113. 

National  Convention,  the,  42. 

National  Guard  of  Paris,  the,  42, 
49. 

National  Order  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  of  France,  13,  72. 

Ney,  Marshal,  23,  30,  50. 


Norway,  107. 
Notre  Dame, 


19,  22. 


Oberkampf,  29,  30. 

Officer,  47,  48,  53,  55,  60,  61,  62,  63, 
69,  70,  71,  72,  78,  105;  cross  of, 
77,  78,  93;  ribbon  of,  142. 

Offices  of  the  order,  73. 

Oizon,  137. 

Olympic  games,  13. 

Origin  and  history  of  the  Legion,  83. 

Order  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount  Car- 
mel, 32,  33. 

Order  of  Reunion,  the,  101. 

Order  of  Saint  Hubert,  the,  33. 

Order  of  Saint  John  of  Jerusalem, 
the,  32. 

Order  of  Saint  Lazarus  of  Jerusalem, 

32- 

Order  of  Saint  Louis,  the,  33,  41. 
Order  of  Saint  Michael,  the,  32,  33. 
Order   of  the   Cincinnati,    insignia 

of,  88. 
Order  of  the  Crown  (of  Westphalia), 

101. 
Order  of  the  Garter,  33. 
Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  33,  88. 
Order  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre,  32. 
Order  of  the  Iron  Crown,  99,  100. 
Order  of  the  Star,  33. 
Order  of  the  Templars,  32. 
Order  of  the  Three  Golden  Fleeces, 

100. 
Order  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  101. 
Order  of  Union,  the,  101. 
Oudinot,  Marshal,  23,  73. 

Palace  de  Salm,  73. 

Palace  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  82, 

84. 
Palace  of  Schonbrunn,  58. 
Paris,  fall  of,   130;  garrison  of,  54; 

mob,  the,  109; 
Paris,  W.  Francklyn,  150,  160,  163, 

164,  166. 
Parmentier,  56. 
Past  Grand  Chancellors,  82. 
Pelissier,  Marshal,  73,  83. 
Peru,  107. 
Philippe  Ie  Bel,  32. 
Place  de  la  Concorde,  19. 
Place  de  la  Revolution,  19. 
Poland,  107. 
Portugal,  107,  136. 


C2393 


INDEX 


Prefects  of  the  Palace,  22. 

President  of  the  French  Republic, 
69,  73,  98,  113,  130;  as  Grand 
Master  of  the  Order,  72;  of  the 
Senate,  36;  of  the  Society,  160. 

Protector  of  Imperial  Educational 
Institutions,  128. 

Protestant  faith,  42. 

Public  Debt,  62. 

Rambouillet,  119. 

Red  Cross  officials,  106. 

Regent,  the,  22. 

Rendu,  Mme.  (Sister  Rosalie),  138. 

Republic,  the,  16,  17,  20,  22,  35,  43, 

46,  48,  49,  53,  69,  70,  96,  in,  113; 

Second,  77,    113;,  Third,  37,  69, 

77,  96,,  97,  113- 
Restoration,  the,  99. 
Revolution,  the,  16,  17,  18,  25,  34, 

41,  42,  46,  55,  58,  126. 
Rochambeau,  56. 
Roedel,  Mme.,  143. 
Roederer,  44,  46,  56. 
Rome,  accord  with,  19;  King  of,  99, 

112. 
Rosalie,  Sister  (Mme.  Rendu),  138. 
Roumania,  107. 
Royal  Order  of  Merit,  101. 
Royal  Order  of  Spain,  101. 
Royal  Order  of  Union,  101. 
Royer,  Marie,  136. 
Russia,  106,  107. 
Ryckebusch,  Mme.,  143. 

Saint-Cyr,  121. 

Saint  Denis,  58,  59,  63,   119,   130, 

132,  143;  Abbey  of,  58,  61,  120; 

graduates  of,  152;  royal  tombs  of, 

89;  school,  120,  141. 
Saint  Esprit,  cross  of,  88. 
Saint-Germain,  119,  120,  126;  school 

of  Madame  Campan,  126. 
Saint  John,  order  of,  102. 
Saint  Lazare,  cross  of,  88. 
Saint  Lazarus,  Order  of,  102. 
Saint  Louis,  Order  of,  102;  cross  of, 

88;  effigy  of,  41. 
Saint  Mairent,  the  Abbey  of,  50. 
Saint  Michel,  Order  of,   102;  cross 

of,  88. 
Salm-Kyrbourg,  Prince,  81. 
Salm  Palace,  82,  87. 
Salon  of  1808,  artists  of,  89. 


San  Marino,  107. 

Sarazin,  Mother,  136. 

Satire,  tenth,  14,  29. 

Schopenhauer,  24. 

Scythia,  a  traveler  from,  14. 

Sedan,  disaster  of,  109. 

Senate,  the,  21,  47,  65. 

Siam,  107. 

Sieyes,  56. 

Societe  d'Entr'aide  des  Membres  de 
la  Legion  d'Honneur,  148,  151, 
152. 

Society  of  American  Legionnaires, 
149,  158,  166,  167;  founder-mem- 
bers, list  of,  165;  officers,  list  of, 

Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  159. 

Solon,  13,  14. 

Sons  of  the  Revolution,  159. 

Spain,  106,  107. 

Spanish  fleece,  the,  100. 

State     Councilors,     44;     funerals, 

143- 
Sunday  abolished,  19. 
Sweden,  107. 
Switzerland,  107. 
Syria,  107. 

Talleyrand,  55,  56,  99. 
Thibaudeau,  24. 
Toiles  de  Jouy,  29. 
Tribunat,  the,  47. 
Trinquart,  Josephine,  137 
Tuileries,  22,  54,  109. 
Turkey,  107. 

United  States,  89,  106,  107,  140, 
158,  159,  160,  161,  162,  164, 
165. 

Van  Dyke,  Rev.  Dr.  Henry,    162, 

163,  165,  167. 

Vendee,    La.,   46;    insurrection    of, 

24. 
Versailles,  museum  at,  98. 
Vivandieres,  136,  137. 
Wagram,  100,  136. 

Waterloo,  95,  1 19. 

Wickersham,  George  W.,  162,  163, 

164,  165,  166,  167. 

World  War,  75,  82,  105,  106,  139, 
148. 


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